**1. Introduction**

There has long been concern about the issue of soils, sediments, and water pollution by various contaminants worldwide. Soil provides an interface between the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and thus improvement of soil function has recently become a major priority in ecosystems, particularly because of the growing awareness regarding the role of soil in controlling sediment and water quality crucial for human benefit [1]. For instance, the sustainable monitoring and management of contamination and remediation of soils, sediments, and water toward reaching the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SGDs) set from the United Nations have been recognized as important in previous studies [2], which identified several targets with direct synergies with these natural resources across the goals.

Regarding soil and sediment remediation, conventional practices such as washing, landfilling, and excavation are commonly poor-feasible especially on a large scale because they are not environmentally compatible and are economically-prohibitive [3]. These concerns have prompted green and sustainable remediation (GSR) for the contamination of soils and sediments. Among GSRs, the in situ stabilization of contaminants using reactive or immobilizing materials has received increasing attention [4]. The aim of adding amendment is to sequester and stabilize contaminants in soils or sediments to reduce their ability to spread into water or biota, and thus to reduce their risk to human health. Aquatic ecosystems including sediments and water often play as the sinks of contaminants

transported from soil contamination and wastewater discharge. To identify the impact of contaminants in water by bioassays, it is necessary to test different representatives of biomarkers as indicators of substances that are harmful to living cells and tissues, useful even in the cases where physicochemical parameters fulfill the requirements of water quality. This identification approach may coincide with the GSR principles of soil and sediment contamination for ecological and human health.
