**José-Vicente Riquelme-Ros 1, Germán Rodríguez-Bermúdez 2, Ignacio Rodríguez-Rodríguez 3, José-Víctor Rodríguez 4,\* and José-María Molina-García-Pardo <sup>4</sup>**


Received: 2 June 2020; Accepted: 7 August 2020; Published: 10 August 2020

**Abstract:** Motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) systems detect electrical brain activity patterns through electroencephalogram (EEG) signals to forecast user intention while performing movement imagination tasks. As the microscopic details of individuals' brains are directly shaped by their rich experiences, musicians can develop certain neurological characteristics, such as improved brain plasticity, following extensive musical training. Specifically, the advanced bimanual motor coordination that pianists exhibit means that they may interact more effectively with BCI systems than their non-musically trained counterparts; this could lead to personalized BCI strategies according to the users' previously detected skills. This work assessed the performance of pianists as they interacted with an MI-based BCI system and compared it with that of a control group. The Common Spatial Patterns (CSP) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) machine learning algorithms were applied to the EEG signals for feature extraction and classification, respectively. The results revealed that the pianists achieved a higher level of BCI control by means of MI during the final trial (74.69%) compared to the control group (63.13%). The outcome indicates that musical training could enhance the performance of individuals using BCI systems.

**Keywords:** brain-computer interface; motor imagery; machine learning; internet of things; pianists
