**2. Contributions**

Thirteen research papers have been published in this Special Issue of *Metals*. The papers cover a wide spectrum of topics, including (i) deformation mechanisms, the mechanical properties and fatigue behaviour of SPD-processed materials [1–7], (ii) microstructural and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures [8,9], phase formations in alloys [10], the improvement of physical properties (electrical conductivity [11], magneto-resistance [12]) and biomedical properties (biocorrosion resistance [6], biocompatibility [13]) by SPD.

In the thematic area (i), Klu et al. [1] investigated a combination of multi-pass warm ECAP followed by rolling at room temperature for the development of a high-strength Mg-9Li duplex alloy and carried out a systematic investigation of the microstructure–mechanical properties relationship. They found that grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening are the main factors determining the strength of this alloy. Additionally, the basal texture of the α-Mg phase, which was

induced by the rolling process, contributed to the strength. Nugmanov et al. [2] examined the structure and tensile strength of pure Cu after HPTE. A gradient structure developed due to the strain varying across the sample from the central area to the edge. Nevertheless, similar strength values as in pure Cu with a homogeneous microstructure after SPD were reached, which demonstrates the potential of HPTE for future industrial use. Stráská et al. [3] processed a low alloyed Mg-Zn-Nd alloy by hot extrusion and subsequent ECAP deformation. The influence of texture and microstructure on the mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms was thoroughly studied and a compressive yield strength more than twice as high as that of the undeformed alloy was reached. Dureau et al. [4] investigated the influence of ultrasonic SMAT treatment at room and cryogenic temperatures on the fatigue behaviour of a 304L austenitic stainless steel with a focus on the nature of the cyclic loading conditions. In the case of this steel, the higher fraction of martensite induced by the cryogenic SMAT did not provide an enhancement of fatigue performance compared with the room temperature treatment. However, the fatigue limit was increased by approximately 30% for both peening temperatures in comparison with the untreated samples. Industrial scale multi-pass rotary-die ECAP processing was used in [5] to tailor the morphology and distribution of Al2Ca particles in a Mg-Al-Ca-based alloy to improve its strength and ductility. The alloy with the finest and most homogenously dispersed Al2Ca particles exhibited superior mechanical properties, which were also attributed to refined grains of the α-Mg phase and nanosized Mg17Al12 precipitates. The effects of thermomechanical processing (SPD by HPT and thermal treatment) on the mechanical properties of biodegradable Mg alloys were investigated by Ojdanic et al. in [6]. Thermomechanical processing lead to a strength increase of up to 250%, whereby about 1/3 of the increase could be related to the thermal treatment. Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray line profile analysis proofed a significant contribution of the high vacancy concentration to the extensive hardening of the investigated alloys. Furthermore, intermetallic precipitates contributed to the strength. Veverková et al. [7] evaluated the mechanical properties of a metastable β-Ti alloy Ti-15Mo, which was prepared by cryogenic milling and spark plasma sintering. By using this process, a refined microstructure with very high strength levels could be obtained.

In the framework of topic (ii), the microstructural and mechanical stability during elevated temperatures is discussed in two papers. Kriegel et al. [8] investigated the formation and thermal stability of the ω-Ti(Fe) phase in α-phase-based Ti(Fe) alloys, which were processed by HPT. The formation of the ω-Ti(Fe) phase was mainly at the expense of α-Ti. The thermal stability of the studied alloys was lower than that of samples, annealed above the eutectoid reaction. However, a similar decomposition pathway was found. Churakova and Gunderov [9] analysed the influence of thermal cycling on the microstructural and mechanical stability of a Ti-Ni shape memory alloy, which was processed by ECAP, and compared it to a coarse-grained, undeformed counterpart. It was found that the ECAP-processed alloy is more attractive for applications, due to its higher level of properties compared to the coarse-grained state, and its higher stability during thermal cycling.

The effect of HPT and subsequent isothermal annealing on phase evolution and transformation in a Ti15Mo alloy was studied by Bartha et al. in [10]. They showed that, thanks to the increase in nucleation sites due to HPT-induced lattice defects, the α-phase formation is enhanced. Furthermore, it was found that the α-precipitates are small and equiaxed. Additionally, the microhardness is increased, which is mainly attributed to the microstructural refinement in combination with the formation of the ω phase.

Finally, the improvement of physical and biomedical properties by SPD is investigated in three papers. Lapovok et al. [11] studied the influence of ECAP on the electrical conductivity and strength of Cu-clad Al conductors with different sheet thicknesses, which were subsequently annealed. Although the conductivity decreased after deformation, annealing led to conductivity values exceeding the predicted, theoretical ones. It could be shown that ECAP in combination with short annealing can be used to produce conductors with high conductivity and strength. Wurster et al. [12] investigated the influence of HPT such as deformation temperature and strain rate on the granular magnetoresistance of different materials consisting of ferromagnetic and diamagnetic elements and related it to the microstructure of SPD-processed materials. It is shown that the magnitude of the

granular magnetoresistance can be tuned by changing the HPT process parameters. In [13], the effect of SMAT was compared for two binary functionally graded materials (Ti-Nb and Ti6Al4V-Mo) to study the effect of chemistry, roughness and SPD microstructure on mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation. The increased roughness introduced by SMAT improved the cellular adhesion, but did not influence their proliferation capability. It was further found that the SPD treatment has an effect on cell distribution during the first stages of proliferation due to the induced microstructural refinement and structural defects.
