**Photovoltaic Energy Yield Improvement in Two-Stage Solar Microinverters**

**Andrii Chub 1,2, Dmitri Vinnikov 1,\*, Serhii Stepenko 1,3, Elizaveta Liivik 1,4 and Frede Blaabjerg 4**


Received: 1 September 2019; Accepted: 30 September 2019; Published: 3 October 2019

**Abstract:** The focus in this paper is on the two-stage photovoltaic (PV) microinverters using a buck-boost dc/dc front-end converter. Wide input voltage range of the front-end converter enables operation under shaded conditions but results in mediocre performance in the typical voltage range. These microinverters can be controlled with either fixed or variable dc-link voltage control methods. The latter improves the converter efficiency considerably in the range of the most probable maximum power point (MPP) locations. However, the buck-boost operation of the front-end converter results in noticeable variations of the efficiency across the input voltage range. As a result, conventional weighted efficiency metrics cannot be used to predict annual energy productions by the microinverters. This paper proposes a new methodology for the estimation of annual energy production based on annual profiles of the solar irradiance and ambient temperature. Using this methodology, quantification of the annual energy production is provided for two geographical locations.

**Keywords:** microinverter; variable dc-link voltage; photovoltaic; solar energy; renewable energy; residential systems
