*5.4. Load Variation*

This section discusses the performance of the proposed distributed cooperative control compared to the primary control in the case of one load variation. The CL of DCES1 changes from 120 Ω to 80 Ω at 0.1 s.

It can be seen in Figure 13 that the four DC-bus voltages deviated from the rated value especially after the load variation at 0.1 s. Moreover, the four SOCs are still different from each other. However, in Figure 14, with the distributed cooperative control, the four DC-bus voltages are in consensus, the average bus voltage can be regulated close to the rated value and four battery SOCs reach the consensus state although the load variation is at 0.1 s. This study indicates the good performance of the proposed control method when the CL load varies.

**Figure 13.** Primary control when the load variation is at 0.1 s of DCES1: (**a**) DC-bus voltage; (**b**) battery SOC.

**Figure 14.** Distributed cooperative control when the load variation is at 0.1 s of DCES1: (**a**) DC-bus voltage; (**b**) battery SOC.
