*5.2. Converter Failure*

This case illustrates the performance of the proposed control in the case of one converter failure. One DCES failure means that the output power of the DCES is zero. This happens when the DCES is shorted or broken, such as the short-circuit of the power switches and the open-circuit of the three-winding transformers. It is studied in this case to analyze the emergency performance of the proposed distributed cooperative control compared to the primary control. In this case, the output power of DCES1 reduces to zero at 0.1 s. The remaining DCESs carry out the power sharing by exchanging the SOC information with neighbors. In Figure 10, the four DC-bus voltages all deviate much from the rated value after the failure. In Figure 11, although the bus voltage of the DCESs cannot be regulated to a common value, with the distributed cooperative control, the average value of the remaining three DC-bus voltages are regulated close to the rated value if ignoring the small DC-bus voltage drop of DCES1. Moreover, the control can drive the four battery SOCs to consensus and balance.

**Figure 10.** Only with the primary control when failure at 0.1 s of DCES1: (**a**) DC-bus voltage; (**b**) battery SOC.

**Figure 11.** Distributed cooperative control when failure at 0.1 s of DCES1: (**a**) DC-bus voltage; (**b**) battery SOC.
