**3. Result and Discussion**

We discuss in this section the effect produced by the different physical parameters of interest on the velocity profile (*f* (η)), temperature profile (θ(η)), and concentration profile (φ(η)) during the hybrid nanofluid flow of a boundary layer through a stretching cylinder. Figure 1 describes the geometry of the nanofluid flow. We have plotted the effects that are produced by these different parameters in the Figures 2–14.

**Figure 1.** Physical sketch of flow phenomena.

**Figure 2.** The influence of *M* on *f* (η) when *k*<sup>1</sup> = 0.2, *F* = 0.1, λ = 0.3, γ = 0.4.

**Figure 3.** The variation of *f* (η) with *k*1, for *M* = 0.6, *F* = 0.5, λ = 0.3, γ = 0.4.

**Figure 4.** The influence of *F* on *f* (η) when *M* = 0.5, *k*<sup>1</sup> = 0.4, λ = 0.2, γ = 0.6.

**Figure 5.** The effect of γ on *f* (η) when *M* = 0.6, *k*<sup>1</sup> = 0.5, λ = 0.3, γ = 0.4.

**Figure 6.** The variation of *f* (η) with λ, when *M* = 0.6, *k*<sup>1</sup> = 0.5, λ = 0.3, γ = 0.4.

**Figure 7.** The influence of *Nb* on θ(η) when γ = 0.8, Pr = 4, *Nt* = 0.5.

**Figure 8.** The effect of *Nt* on θ(η) when *Nb* = 0.4, Pr = 4, γ = 1.2.

**Figure 9.** The influence of Pr on θ(η) while γ = 0.4, *Nb* = 0.6, *Nt* = 5.

**Figure 10.** The influence of γ on θ(η) when *Nb* = 0.7, *Nt* = 0.5, Pr = 4.

**Figure 11.** The influence of *Sc* on φ(η), while *Nt* = 0.4, γ = 0.8, *Nb* = 0.7.

**Figure 12.** The influence of *Nb* on φ(η) when γ = 0.4, *Nt* = 0.5, *Sc* = 0.6.

**Figure 13.** The influence of *Nt* on φ(η) when γ = 0.4, *Nt* = 0.5, *Sc* = 0.6.

**Figure 14.** The influence of γ on φ(η) when *Sc* = 0.6, *Nt* = 0.5, *Nb* = 0.4.

#### *3.1. Velocity*

Figures 2–6 display the variation of *f* (η) with respect to the variations in the magnetic parameter *M* permeability parameter *k*1, inertial parameter *F*, curvature parameter γ, and convection parameter λ. From Figure 2 it is observed that *f* (η) decreases almost exponentially with η at a given value of the M. The velocity profiler *f* (η) decreases with the higher values of M. This is because of the Lorentz force, which resists force that acts in the direction opposite to the flow direction. This opposes force slow down the fluid motion. Figure 3 represents the impact of the permeability parameter *k*<sup>1</sup> over the velocity profile *f* (η). The higher value of permeability parameter *k*<sup>1</sup> decreases *f* (η). Actually, an increasing permeability produces resistance in the flow path and that resistance reduces the fluid flow motion. Figure 4 show the influence of *F* on velocity profile. Figure 4 illustrates that on rising *F*, inner nanofluid fluid velocity is diminished, while there is no impact of *F* on thickness of the fluid. There is hardly an influence of *F* on free surface velocity, which is obvious from Figure 2. In state of porous gap with larger pores sizes, and porous medium expanded by fluid-solid interaction, which increases the viscous interference. Hence, an increase in *F* causes a better flow resistance, so the velocity of fluid is reduced. We describe the effect of the curvature parameter γ on the velocity profile *f* (η) in Figure 5. From Figure 5, we demined that a higher value of curvature parameter γ augmented the fluid flow motion. The influence of convection parameter λ on velocity profile *f* (η) is illustrated in Figure 7. The increasing behavior for the motion of nanofluid is found with augmentation of convection parameter λ, because of the buoyancy impact.
