*2.1. Biomass Samples*

Data related to 152 measurements were compiled from several sources that included ultimate analysis and HHV of raw and torrefied woody biomass, solid yield ( Ys), torrefaction temperature, and residence time. The data were categorized into 15 different types of wood with 43 different torrefaction conditions. Table 1 summarizes the categorized data according to the torrefaction temperature and residence time for each type of feedstock. The sources of the collected experimental

data are also provided in Table 1. For instance, the torrefaction data for birch were obtained from four different sources [20–24] with a minimum and a maximum torrefaction temperature of 200 ◦C and 280 ◦C respectively, and the residence times varying between 10 and 60 min.

Table 2 presents an overview of the compiled data based on the wood type including the number of measurements (n), the minimum (Min), maximum (Max), and mean of experimentally measured Ys, C, H, N contents, and the HHV. Table 2 does not provide the oxygen content since it can be determined by subtracting the sum of C, H and N contents from 100%. The average torrefaction temperature and residence time including all types of wood are 257 ◦C and 38 min, respectively. The mean of C, N, H and O contents are 53.5%, 0.17%, 5.7% and 40.5% in weight basis, respectively. The average *Ys* is 78%, and the average HHV is 20.95 MJ/kg. The range of C, H, N, O contents, temperature, residence time, solid yield and HHV are 45.1–64.4%, 3.45–6.99%, 0–0.9%, 20.89–47.3%, 200–300 ◦C, 5–60 min, 58–97% and 16.6–26.92 MJ/kg, respectively.


**Table 1.** Summary of the experimental conditions of torrefaction (categorized by the feedstock type).
