*3.3. Model Validity Test*

To ensure that the model has practical value, it is necessary to test the validity of the model. A validity test involved a pre-experiment and a pre-experimental simulation and then the results are compared to show whether the model is e ffective and can be used for further study. A single battery was selected for testing and it was covered by a piece of insulated cotton. The covered single battery used to simulate adiabatic condition is shown in Figure 5a. Then, the battery was continuously discharged to collect the temperature change data for the battery during discharge. The result is shown in Figure 5b. The temperature measured by the experiment was almost the same as that measured by the simulation.

**Figure 5.** (**a**) The covered single battery. (**b**) Temperature rise of a single battery under an adiabatic environment.

### **4. Analysis of the Results**

The temperatures based on the battery layout, the inlet and outlet position, and the number of inlets and outlets of the module are considered. An AC system was adopted as the cooling method due to its simplicity and low cost. The forced air speed was set at 1 m/s. and a blower provides the

forced air that flows into the battery pack. The accurate measurement of the anemometer ensures that the wind speed of the battery pack inlet is constant at the desired value. The blower and anemometer used in this study are shown in Figure 6. The discharge time was 15 min. Temperature was recorded at the end of each minute. The initial distance between the battery center and the wall is 20 mm, and the shortest distance between the battery center and the wall is 10 mm. Battery material parameters are shown in Table 1.

**Figure 6.** The blower (**a**) and anemometer (**b**) used in experiment.
