*3.1. ESS Specification*

The sizing is performed considering a nominal voltage for the battery pack and for the supercapacitor pack, and a power profile assigned for each [28,32]. The subdivision of the original power profile is achieved through a low pass filter and an amplitude limiter [47,52,53]. Several optimization studies have been carried out on this topic [32,35,54]. In this paper, it is considered that the ESS may be composed of high-power lithium-ion cells or high-energy lithium-ion cells and supercapacitors (H-ESS). Shape and weight of the energy storage system are binding constraints since they limit the energy that can be stored on-board. Therefore, the sizing depends on several factors: autonomy and maximum power required; where the charging is performed; the type of storage system.
