*3.3. Lisbon*

The RAF was applied in Lisbon in order to assess the current level of city resilience to flooding. The application of a structured resilience assessment framework enables the identification of the resilience criteria, objectives, services and city dimensions with major accomplishments, setbacks or opportunities for improvement. Therefore, it supports identification of resilience measures and development of strategies. Some results are presented in Figure 5. The overall resilience development in the city is advanced in nearly one third of the aspects (Figure 5a). Globally, around a quarter shows progress, meaning that significant steps were already taken, and the city and services are still developing specific aspects. The remainder correspond to incipient, unanswerable or not applicable metrics. Various city services were assessed with more detail, including stormwater, wastewater, energy, mobility and solid waste management.

**Figure 5.** Lisbon resilience assessment results for flooding: (**a**) Overall assessment, (**b**) overall assessment per dimension, (**c**) physical overall assessment per service infrastructure, (**d**) assessment of the objective spatial risk management.

The analysis highlighted a significant advancement in spatial areas more so over physical areas, which were deemed more absent (Figure 5b). The organisational dimension as well as all the services and infrastructures present aspects already having an advanced development level, while still having significant opportunities for improvement. In the mobility service, considering the significant percentage of metrics that were not answered, data may be not be easily applicable to the metrics provided or some lack of information may exist. This is also applicable to the infrastructure assessment of the stormwater, waste and energy services (Figure 5c). Infrastructure resilience to climate change is therefore the main concern on reflection of this. For all services, the contribution of infrastructure to city resilience needs to be more exploited.

The results from the organisational analysis highlight that citizens and communities' awareness and training is one of the aspects that needs further development, followed by the city preparedness for disaster response and for recovery and build back. Engagement with communities is also a dynamic that is not completely to its maximum sufficiency as well as the coordination of financial plans and budgets for resilience.

Concerning the spatial analysis, the provision of protective infrastructures and ecosystems is well developed, while the knowledge on climate change hazard and exposure as well as impacts are highlighted as opportunities to be further developed (Figure 5d).

Generally, there is strong development of strategic planning and there is limited preparedness in the wastewater service for climate change, as well as limited autonomy for the majority of the services, with the exception of the stormwater service. There are, however, some susceptibilities in the realms of reliance upon inter-related services and a lack of understanding of the cascading impacts and interdependencies between those for climate change.

This diagnosis of the main strengths and weaknesses supports the identification of the adequate measures for resilience enhancement to climate change. This assessment is a step up in Lisbon's Climate Change Resilience Process and one diagnosis to be integrated in the ongoing Climate Action Plan of the city.
