**1. Introduction**

The challenge facing cities includes the need for urban expansion to accommodate rising populations. This puts a heightened demand on existing infrastructure and this is particularly apparent in many older cities that were not designed for the modern-day population and climate, making them unable to cope with such pressures [1,2]. The effects of climate change are likely to make this impact much worse in the future [3]. More severe storms and prolonged wet or dry periods all increase the risk and likelihood of pluvial flooding problems being encountered [4–7]. Drier landscapes from longer periods of drought in summer will produce surfaces more susceptible to rapid run-off and the increased storms and likelihood of thunderstorms exacerbates this risk [8]. Warmer and wetter winters mean more prolonged periods of wet weather, raised groundwater tables and higher river baseflows [9]. Rising sea-levels and heightened river flows are anticipated to create a more substantial

threat from tidal and fluvial flooding sources, especially given the increased storm surge component associated with this [9].

In response to this, as well as many other well-known implications associated with climate change, Bristol City Council (BCC, Bristol, UK) has declared a climate emergency and has issued a Climate Emergency Action Plan as well as the Bristol Resilience Strategy to try and counteract and reduce these factors where possible [10,11]. Change in the climate is inevitable and is already being experienced to some extent; evaluating ways to adapt to this change is therefore essential. Work conducted on the EU RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas (RESCCUE) [12] project with BCC and other key partners such as Wessex Water, the University of Exeter and IREC (Catalonia Institute for Energy Research, Barcelona, Spain) has made efforts to devise ways of assessing and managing increased flood-related climate risk and these will be elaborated upon below.

This article responds to increasing hazards by evaluating interdependencies in critical infrastructure and services functioning in the city of Bristol. In particular, the work focuses on the key elements of the existing drainage infrastructure, electricity supply system and road network. Roads also represent a significant conveyance mechanism for urban surface water (Fewtrell et al., 2011) [13]. During intense rainfall, these are likely to act as channels for exceedance from the sewer network. Similarly, the energy distribution network can be disrupted during flooding, leading to cascading damages and service interruption across many sectors of a city. Previous research has typically evaluated these systems independently (Pyatkova et al., 2018), however, it is apparent that safe and effective management of cities requires full consideration of interdependencies between complex and highly connected urban systems [14]. The aim of the work is to identify where the main vulnerabilities lie in areas of central Bristol and its immediate surrounds that are more prone to flooding through interlinked modelling, in order to develop adaptation plans to counteract this risk. The paper is structured through initially setting the case study city background and weather-related climatic threats it is faced with now and that which are anticipated in the future. It then goes on to define how these risks have been modelled and assessed and interprets the findings based on implications posed from the various sources of flooding to certain city services and specific areas of the city. Adaptation measures proposed to counteract this risk and attempt to relieve some of the effects of these impacts are then given further consideration.
