**5. Conclusions**

This paper demonstrates how the integration of a detailed and calibrated 1D/2D USM with other models and tools which are able to describe the behavior of other urban services can be useful to simulate the response of these services during pluvial floods produced by heavy storm events.

Furthermore, through the development of these loosely coupled models, socio-economic impacts related to these events can be estimated and the cascading effects can be fully analyzed, as well as the interrelationships between services and critical infrastructures.

In this study, the effects of floods in the potential context of climate change for the city of Barcelona have been analyzed through a multi-risk approach, and the results of this assessment, in terms of tangible and intangible impacts, have been presented for the whole city and with a geographic discretization (i.e., in terms of city districts).

The results demonstrate that Barcelona could suffer a significant increase in these impacts due to climate change if adaptation measures are not adopted. It was demonstrated that increments of maximum rainfall intensity of 12–16% could cause increments of more than 25–30% in terms of social impacts (e.g., intangible damages such as the increase of areas classified with high hazard conditions in case of pluvial flood events) and of 42% of economic losses (including tangible direct and indirect damages) expressed in monetary terms through the concept of EAD that has been calculated for each analyzed urban district. Economic losses related to traffic disruption due to pluvial floods could also increase by 9%, while for the electric system, the increase of economic damage could be 70%, although the final EAD result was shown to be quite low.

Moreover, the average recovery time of the city (defined as the time in which urban services do not recover their normal functioning) could increase from 1.5 to 2 h due to climate change effects.

Finally, the paper shows the geographical distribution of the socio-economic impacts. This information could be very useful for the prioritization of implementation of adaptation measures. **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.R.; methodology, B.R., M.V., L.L., E.M.-G., R.M., B.E. and D.S. and D.S.-M; validation, B.R. and M.V.; formal analysis, B.R. and E.M.-G.; investigation, B.R., M.V., L.L., R.M., D.S.-M., E.M.-G., and B.E.; resources, D.S., E.M.-G., B.E. and D.S.-M.; data curation, D.Y., D.S., E.M.-G., E.F.-O., B.E., D.S.-M., A.G.G., writing—original draft preparation, B.R.; writing—review and editing, B.R., M.V., L.L., D.S., E.M.-G., B.E. and D.S.-M; visualization, E.M.-G.; supervision, M.V.; project administration, B.R.; funding acquisition, B.R. and E.M.-G. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Horizon2020 Programme, Grant Agreement No. 700174.

**Acknowledgments:** This paper presents some of the results achieved in the framework of the RESCCUE project (Resilience to Cope with Climate Change in Urban Areas—a multisectoral approach focusing on water) (www.resccue.eu). RESCCUE is a research project funded by the European Commission under the H2020 program, and its main goal is to provide methodologies and tools for the evaluation, planning and management of urban resilience in the context of climate change.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
