**Danielle Ross**

Department of History, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84321, USA; danielle.ross@usu.edu

Received: 9 October 2019; Accepted: 6 November 2019; Published: 13 November 2019

**Abstract:** This article examines the relationship among radical socialism, Islamic balanced reform and Tatar national identity in early twentieth-century Russia. In contrast to previous studies, which either have studied these various intellectual strains individually or have positioned Islamic legal and theological reforms as precursors to the emergence of a secular national identity among Kazan's Tatars, I will argue that Tatar intellectuals' positions on theology, socio-economic organization, and national identity were mutually reinforcing. Supporters of nationalism also embraced socialism and Islamic balanced reform because they saw all three ideologies as egalitarian and liberating.

**Keywords:** nationalism; Tatar; socialism; Islamic reform; Wahhabism
