*Article* **What Pulsating** *H***2 Emissions Suggest about the** *H***2 Resource in the Sao Francisco Basin of Brazil**

**Lawrence Cathles 1,\* and Alain Prinzhofer 2**


Received: 12 February 2020; Accepted: 10 April 2020; Published: 17 April 2020

**Abstract:** Proterozoic sedimentary basins very often emit natural hydrogen gas that may be a valuable part of a non-carbon energy infrastructure. Vents in the Sao Francisco Basin in Brazil release hydrogen to the atmosphere mainly during the daylight half of the day. Daily temperature and the regular daily tidal atmospheric pressure variations have been suggested as possible causes of the pulsing of *H*2 venting. Here, we analyze a ~550 m-diameter depression that is barren of vegetation and venting hydrogen mainly at its periphery. We show that daily temperature changes propagated only ~1/2 m into the subsurface and are thus too shallow to explain the *H*2 variations measured at 1-m depth. Pressure changes could propagate deeply enough, and at the depth at which the cyclic variations are measured hydrogen concentration will have the observed phase relationship to atmospheric pressure changes provided: (1) the pressure wave is terminated by geologic barriers at about 25% of its full potential penetration distance, and (2) the volume of gas in the vents is very small compared to the volume of gas tapped by the venting. These constraints sugges<sup>t</sup> that there is a shallow gas reservoir above the water table under the ~550 m-diameter barren-of-vegetation depression. The 1D-analytical and finite-element calculations presented in this paper help define the hydrogen system and sugges<sup>t</sup> the further steps needed to characterize its volume, hydrogen flux and resource potential.

**Keywords:** hydrogen economy; natural hydrogen vents; Sao Francisco Basin; pulsing gas emission; atmospheric pressure tides
