*Article* **Multiscale Modeling of Glacial Loading by a 3D Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Approach Including Erosion and Isostasy**

### **Daniele Cerroni 1, Mattia Penati 1, Giovanni Porta 2, Edie Miglio 1, Paolo Zunino 1 and Paolo Ruffo 3,\***


Received: 12 September 2019; Accepted:23 October 2019 ; Published: 30 October 2019

**Abstract:** We present a computational framework that allows investigating the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical response of a representative part of a sedimentary basin during a glaciation cycle. We tackle the complexity of the problem, arising by the mutual interaction among several phenomena, by means of a multi-physics, multi-scale model with respect to both space and time. Our contribution addresses both the generation of the computational grid and the algorithm for the numerical solution of the problem. In particular we present a multi-scale approach accounting for the global deformation field of the lithosphere coupled with the Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical feedback of the ice load on a representative part of the domain at a finer scale. In the fine scale model we also include the erosion possibly caused by the ice melting. This methodology allows investigating the evolution of the sedimentary basin as a response to glaciation cycle at a fine scale, taking also into account the large spatial scale movement of the lithosphere due to isostasy. The numerical experiments are based on the analysis of simple scenario, and show the emergence of effects due to the multi-physics nature of the problem that are barely captured by simpler approaches.

**Keywords:** multiscale/multiphysics basin modeling; thermo-hydro-mechanical model; isostatic adjustment; computer simulations; finite element method
