**Table 2.** Phytochemical analysis of *B. gaudichaudii*.

**Table 2.** *Cont.*

*B. gaudichaudii* is the target of some phytochemical screening studies, mainly qualitative, which show significant concentrations of coumarins, especially furanocoumarin psoralen (**25**) and bergaptene (**26**). The analysis of the proximate composition of the fresh ripe fruit with bark showed for every 100 g on a wet basis: 77.63 g of moisture, 1.63 g of proteins, 0.60 g of lipids, 13.35 g of carbohydrates, 5.11 g of dietary fiber, 0.82 g of ash content and 62.21 kcal of total energy value. In addition, 46.47 mgGAE (gallic acid equivalents) of phenolic compounds and 14.92 g of vitamins C were also quantified [95,96].

Lourenço, [91] identified and quantified the content of furanocoumarin psoralen (**25**) and bergaptene (**26**) in the lyophilized methanolic and aqueous extracts of the root cortex of *B. gaudichaudii*. For each 1 g of dry weight of the plant organ used, 27.6 mg of psoralen (**25**) and 32 mg of bergaptene (**26**) were found in the methanolic extract, which correspond, respectively, to 2.8% and 3% of the sample. For the aqueous extract, 7.1 mg/g of psoralen (**25**) were quantified, that is, 0.7% and 2.6 mg/g of baptapene (**26**). This study analyzed the composition of the methanolic extract of leaves, branches, latex, and heartwood of *B. gaudichaudii* roots. In leaves, glycosylated flavonoids 5,7,3', 4'-tetrahydroxy-6- *C*-glucopyranosylflavone (**27**) and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-3- *O*-ß-d-galactopyranosyl-flavonol were detected (**28**), also in the extract of leaves, branches and heartwood in roots, psoralen (**25**) and bergaptene (**26**) were also isolated, but in less amount compared to that found in the root cortex, while furanocoumarins were not detected in the latex.

Other analyses using the hydroalcoholic extract of *B. gaudichaudii* roots also identified psoralen (**25**) and bergaptene (**26**). Two extraction techniques were compared, percolation and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UEA), and both showed satisfactory results, but UEA extraction technique was more quick [92].

Spectral analysis was carried out on an extract from *B. gaudichaudii* root bark, which led to the identification of a new coumarin called gaudichaudine (**29**), the coumarins psoralen (**25**), bergaptene (**26**), luvangetin (**30**) and (+)−(2'*S*, 3' *R*)-3'-hydroxyrmesin (**31**) and the pyranocoumarin xanthyletin (**32**). Subsequently, using the same type of extract and the same plant organ, the same researchers found the following secondary metabolites: coumarins marmesin (**33**), 1',2'-dehydromarmesin (**34**), 8-methoxymarmesin (**35**) and 1'-hydroxy-3'- *O*-β-glucopyranosylmarmesin (**36**); the chalcone 2',4',4-trihydroxy-3'3-diprenylchalcone (**37**); and the triterpene β-amyrin (**38**) [93,94].

The determination of total tannins in the methanolic extract from *B. gaudichaudii* stem bark carried out by [97] revealed that for each 1 g of sample, there are approximately 17.50 mg of total tannins, which have not been isolated so far. Another study on the same species qualitatively identified in the alcoholic extract of leaves and stem bark, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phenols and tannins [98].

The qualitative analysis of the ethanolic extract from *B. gaudichaudii* root bark pointed out the presence of triterpenes, steroids, coumarins, alkaloids and anthraquinones, but tested negative for saponins and tannins [99]. To investigate the presence of these and other compounds in the ethanolic extract from *B. gaudichaudii* leaves, a previous study carried out a qualitative analysis of this extract, which was positive for alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids and cardiotonic glycosides, and negative for anthraquinones, catechins and saponins [100].
