**1. Introduction**

Historically, people have used natural products such as plants, animals, microorganisms, and other biological resources to assuage and cure diseases [1]. Many of the commercial drugs (such as atropine, teniposide, aescin, digoxin, silymarin, and so on) available today were initially developed from plants and other biological resources used in traditional medicines [2,3]. Therefore, knowledge of the traditional use of natural products plays a large role in drug discovery and development.

*Tabebuia impetiginosa* (Mart. Ex DC. Mattos) is a plant belonging to the family Bignoniaceae, which is mainly distributed in the Amazon rainforest and other tropical regions of Central and Latin America [4]. It is not only a decorative plant but also has high pharmaceutical value. *T. impetiginosa* has been used as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases and has antinociceptive, anti-edematogenic, antibiotic, and antidepressant e ffects [5–7]. Moreover, the inner bark of this tree can be made into poultice or concentrated tea to treat various skin inflammatory diseases [8]. Several categories of compounds have been isolated and identified from *T. impetiginosa,* principally quinones, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, and benzoic acids [9–12]. In recent years, many investigations have demonstrated that extracts or compounds isolated from *T. impetiginosa* reveal an extensive range of pharmacological activities such as anti-obesity, antifungal, anti-psoriatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities [4,7,13–18]. It is particularly prominent in immunopharmacology. Typically, the mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity of extract from the inner bark of *Tabebuia* was studied through a molecular biological approach. Nevertheless, the clinical applications of *T. impetiginosa* have been poorly researched, and there is a void of information on its mechanisms of action.

As far as we know, no review in the literature provides a comprehensive summary of *T. impetiginosa*. Thus, in an attempt to provide a basis for the in-depth exploration and clinical application of this plant, we reviewed the traditional medicinal uses, botany, immunopharmacology, phytochemistry, and ethnopharmacology of *T. impetiginosa,* in addition to perspectives and possible directions of future research. Furthermore, this review will be conducive to identifying the information gaps important for future research into *T. impetiginosa*.
