**8. Conclusions**

In this paper, we summarized the traditional uses, botanical traits, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of *T. impetiginosa* with collation and analysis of relevant studies. *T. impetiginosa* has been used as a traditional medicine in Central and South America to treat edema, arthritis, diuretic, and infections. Based on its traditional use, in vivo and in vitro experiments examining its pharmacological potential have been conducted. In vivo experiments were conducted using edema, osteoarthritis, animal paw edema, and writhing (and other) models to screen e ffects of *T. impetiginosa*. Moreover, there are numerous studies confirming that extracts or compounds isolated from *T. impetiginosa* have various pharmacological activities such as anti-obesity, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-psoriatic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities.

Currently, substantial progress has been made in exploration of the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of *T. impetiginosa.* Nonetheless, there are still challenges and gaps in published research papers that should be further explored to establish its clinical application value. Firstly, the extracts and compounds isolated from *T. impetiginosa* possess multiple pharmacological activities, though most functional mechanisms remain unclear and need to be further explored through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Furthermore, most studies on *T. impetiginosa* are still in the in vitro and in vivo mouse model stages. Toxicological research can be conducted on other animals such as rabbits in the future to evaluate its safety, which will pave the way for further clinical trials. In addition, further comprehensive experiments are needed to enrich the data and discover other pharmacological uses of *T. impetiginosa* and to find the exact mechanisms by which its extracts bind to target proteins.

**Author Contributions:** Original draft preparation, J.Z. and S.T.H.; conceptualization, Y.Y. and J.Y.C.; writing—review and editing, J.L. and J.Y.C.; funding acquisition, J.Y.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program (2017R1A6A1A03015642) through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Korea.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
