**4. Traditional Uses**

*T. impetiginosa* has been used traditionally to treat cancer [24], obesity [25], depression [26], viral, fungal, and bacterial infections [27], and inflammatory symptoms such as pain [28], arthritis [15], colitis [29], and prostatitis since the Inca civilization. The Callawaya Tribe makes a concentrated tea out of the tree's inner bark for treating skin inflammatory diseases [8]. Moreover, it can be used as an astringent and diuretic [30]. Caribbean folk healers utilize the bark and leaves of *T. impetiginosa* to cure toothaches, backaches, and sexually transmitted diseases [31]. Latino and Haitian populations were also reported to use this plant for the treatment of infectious disease [32]. Brazilian people have traditionally used this plant for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiophidic purposes against snake venom [33]. Traditional healers in Brazil prescribed *T. impetiginosa* for cancer and tumor prevention or treatment; 69.05% for the treatment of tumors and cancer in general and 30.95% for specific tumors or cancers [34]. Such ethnomedicinal uses of *T. impetiginosa* led us to pay attention to it for a full understanding of its immunopharmacological properties for the future development of an effective drug against ethnopharmacologically targeted diseases with this plant.
