**4. Communication Standards in Electrical Vehicles**

Interactive operation with the grid of electric vehicles and the communication methods used in the charging mode of electric vehicles cause a complex structure [96]. Seamless communication is required to design charging stations with sharing networks. To effectively schedule charging operation for the users, improved and resilient communications are imperative [97]. Various internet-based communication schemes [33,98–100] have been proposed to avoid the compatibility issues among charging stations. Furthermore, to prevent this negative situation, communication standards have been established, and it has become compulsory for the production companies to comply with these standards. There are four sets of standards considered for EVs: (1) plug, (2) communication, (3) charging topology, and (4) safety. All these standards are maintained in the V2G technology. These standards that apply to the charging of electrical vehicles are illustrated in Figure 18. The connector structures, the communication methods, the charging topologies, and the safety and the interoperability standards are given separately [101].

**Figure 18.** Standards on charging processes of electric vehicles.

In Figure 19, the sample communication standards of the vehicles using V2G technology are given [102–108].


Both data and energy flow are bidirectional among the vehicles, charging stations, and the grid. The ISO/IEC 15110 standard is used for communication between the EV and the charging station, whereas the IEC 61850 standard is used for communication between the charging station and the grid. In addition, the communication among the charging stations and the smart grids are carried out to facilitate charging and supply tariffs dynamically [109–111]. EV fleeting operators (FO) are being highly recommended by researchers to utilize the new business opportunities by giving varying services to system operators [112,113].

**Figure 19.** Sample communication standard of the vehicles using V2G technology.

As seen in Figure 20, when the connection socket is attached between the grid and the electrical vehicle, the identification, the authorization, and the verification procedures are done to ensure a secure connection.

**Figure 20.** AC and DC charging socket structure. These sockets are attached with the vehicle and the grid for the transfer of energy between them.
