2.2.1. Flame-Retardant Textiles

Material scientists are planning to replace traditional flame-retardant systems with eco-friendly substitutes like the utilization of nanotechnology or flame retardant nano-additives (Attia et al., 2016, [76]), (Erdem et al., 2009, [84]), (Attia et al., 2017, [85]), (Shariatinia et al., 2015, [86]), (Kundu et al., 2020, [87]), (Rivero et al., 2015, [88]), (Ortelli et al., 2019, [89]), (Ortelli et al., 2018, [90]), (Carosio et al., 2012, [91]), (Saleemi et al., 2020, [92]), (Ali et al., 2020, [93]), (Butola et al., 2020, [94], (Li et al., 2018, [95], (Sharma et al., 2018, [96]). (Norouzi et al., 2015 [97]) studied the influence of nanoparticles along with standard flame retardants on the flame retardation of several textile polymers. The results demonstrated that a majority of the nanoparticles could enhance the flame retardant properties and thermal stability of the textile polymers. The foremost mechanisms involved are the development of a shielding barrier layer consolidated with char promotion as well as free radical trapping. However, the level of improvement depends on numerous parameters like the composition and morphology of the nanoparticle, migration speed of nanoparticles to the surface, dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix, and compatibility between polymer and nanoparticle.

In the work by (Yazhini et al., 2015, [98]), the team developed crosslinked cotton coated with nanocomposites (Polypyrrole-zinc oxide and polypyrrole-zinc oxide-carbon nanotube) for ultraviolet-protection as well as flame retardant finishes. It was confirmed that the polypyrrole-Zinc oxide-carbon nanotube composite-coated cotton was noted to demonstrate improved properties relative to uncoated cotton. (Fanglong et al., 2016, [99]) developed flame retardant mixtures of traditional intumescent flame retardant and nanosilica, and these were applied onto cotton fabric for investigating the synergistic influence of nano-silica on the fire resistance as well as thermal stability of the intumescent flame retardant system. The test results showed that a suitable inclusion of nano-silica into the conventional intumescent flame retardant system could enhance the fire protection properties of cotton fabric- intumescent flame retardant system to a definite extent, however it led to a reduction in the thermal stability of the system.
