**4. Discussion**

The project Re-Coding represents an experience of updating current codes and normative framework to shape the morphology of a sustainable city. This project approach is a multiscale method that, from code design to city scale, can actively trigger sustainable impact by design. The relevance of this work is to be found in a number of aspects that can be generalized and suggested for future processes of normative updates to support sustainable development and environmental resilience, such as in the example shown about the roofs. In particular, a number of lessons can be drawn out from this experience and shared as general knowledge: (1) The institutional vision and wish to review and implement codes and normative framework is crucial to foster environmental sustainability change and resilience [69,70] and (2) the work of multidisciplinary research centers such as F*UL*L and R3C allowed us to analyze the understanding of the local normative framework and to update it on scientific-based solutions related to global-based knowledge advancement. Moreover, this work was crucial to increase the interfaces between clients, institutions, and practitioners, through the study of specific building elements, such as the one of the roofs. In this regard, although the methodology was applied to a limited number of neighborhoods in Turin, it was possible to highlight the potential of the roof surfaces of the overall city. This was possible, in particular, by understanding the relation between such potential changes and the current normative framework in use. Despite few rules limiting the use of roofs in the city, concerned mainly with the zoning of the city center, most of the potential uses are actually possible. Figure 15 summarizes the application of the results found after the application of the methodology that was utilized in support of the decision-making process that the Municipality of Turin undertook to revise its local environmental regulation. Moreover, the proposed methodology showed that it is possible to extend actions both to improve the energy performance of the building and environmental performance and to increase the intensity of use of flat surfaces and the related social impact. A latter process could be triggered widely through subjective and individual actions of the owners of the space under the roof that could be the potential users of that space or open these spaces to an urban and collective dimension. As explained in the following sections, many are the environmental, social, and economic benefits by the potential use of roof surfaces.


**Figure 15.** Application of the results: Re-Coding activities.

#### *4.1. Impact Assessment of Urban Rooftops' Renovation*

The achievement of resilient and sustainable cities depends on several factors, such as the characteristics of territory, the urban morphology, the energy performance of buildings, and the existing laws, constraints, and regulations. There is no one solution to reach this goal, but there are di fferent low-carbon strategies, some of which are presented in this work. In particular, three rooftop renovation strategies are presented, and the e ffect of the use of these strategies was assessed for the city of Turin at district level.

#### 4.1.1. Environmental, Social, and Economic Benefits

As it will be highlighted in the following subsections, the environmental, social, and economic impacts of rooftop 'green' renovations are widely recognized. Such benefits could be summarized as energy consumption reduction, UHI and air pollution mitigation, water management, sound insulation, and noise reduction, as well as ecological preservation, real estate market positioning improvement, building value increase, and psychological e ffects on the direct and indirect users, triggering economic and social activities, factors of enjoyment, concentration improvement, crime reduction, and productivity and creativity improvement. [8,36,37,71–73].
