Social Benefits

Different social benefits have been associated with the green roof and rooftop utilization in general. Shafique et al. [31] explained that among the benefits of roof utilisation, green roofs, in particular, the relief from the concrete construction by introducing the green space in urban areas seems to be the most significant. This is due to the ability of green roofs to provide pleasant effects to the urban inhabitants by reducing the air and noise pollution. The authors also explained that the use of roof spaces attract the eyes and tried to connect people together, thanks to the possible plurality of activities. The use of roofs might also enhance the property values [31]. Oberndorfer et al. [86] also explained that: " ... living roofs also provide aesthetic and psychological benefits for people in urban areas. Even when green roofs are only accessible as visual relief, the benefits may include relaxation and restoration, which can improve human health. Other uses for green roofs include urban agriculture: food production can provide economic and educational benefits to urban dwellers." Moreover, Williams et al. [87] stretched the concept of the use of roofs, as well as their greening process, as a factor of enjoyment, concentration improvement, crime reduction, and productivity and creativity improvement, as well as helping behaviors among citizens. Williams et al. [87] also reported that: " ... Studies from Canada and Finland demonstrate that many visitors to case study green roofs report positive aesthetic and restorative experience. A post-occupancy evaluation of gardens in a hospital setting, including several roof top gardens, found psychological benefits for patients including emotion respite." The authors also explained that not only green roofs can provide such benefits, but also that the plurality of activities and functions that can be performed on roofs can enable a variety of socially positive effects related to the increase of well-being.

#### *4.2. Smart Green Policies for Rooftop Renovation and Management*

Berardi et al. [71] explained that a number of cities have already implemented successful policies to enable the diffusion of green roofs. The city of Tokyo has requested the implementation of green roofs in private buildings with built areas larger than 1000 m<sup>2</sup> and in public buildings with built areas larger than 250 m2. Moreover, Berardi et al. [71] reported that, in 2014, Germany had in place a

supporting program to facilitate the construction of 13.5 million m<sup>2</sup> of green roofs per year. Cities, such as Esslingen, offered 50% of the cost of green roofs back or Darmstadt Municipality allocated an economic benefit of maximum of euro 5000 for a green roof. Berardi et al. [71] also explained that: " ... In the cities of Bonn, Cologne and Mannheim, the allocated storm water fees are considerably reduced once new green roofs are built. Similar policies have been implemented in other countries such as Switzerland and Austria. In Basel, users are repaid 20% of the cost of a green roof. In Toronto, there have been specific policies to promote green roofs in buildings with the ratio of 50–70% of the entire building coverage. In Quebec, an economic incentive is provided per square meter implemented of green roofs."

The results of the study supported the definition of urban rules and regulation to improve the quality of life and livability, to promote a sustainable development of urban environment, and to identify e ffective energy policies for a more resilient city in the case of the Municipality of Turin. In particular, this work was formally included into the working papers of the Municipality of Turin. These documents are the technical knowledge-based support, on which the review process of the City Masterplan of the City of Turin is o fficially based [87].
