**4. Conclusions**

This study proposed a multi-span greenhouse BES model utilizing the TRNSYS 18 program. We detailed the creation and validation of the BES model for multi-span greenhouses to simulate the thermal environment of the greenhouse under different design parameters. The model was used to evaluate the effect of the parameters on the annual energy demand of the greenhouse. The proposed BES model is capable of evaluating the multi-span greenhouse's design parameters with daily and seasonal dynamic control of thermal and shading screens, natural ventilation, as well as heating and

cooling set-points. The TRNSYS 18 program shows a high level of flexibility to carry out simulations under local weather conditions and can handle user-defined design and control of the greenhouse. The statistical analysis of the validated results encourages the adoption of the proposed model when the underlaying aim is to evaluate the multi-span greenhouse design parameters under local weather conditions and specific needs. The main findings of the study are as follows:


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.R., H.W.L., C.S.K. and H.T.K.; Methodology, A.R., C.S.K., and H.W.L.; Software, A.R., C.S.K.; Validation, C.S.K. and H.T.K.; Investigation, A.R., C.S.K.; Resources, W.H.L.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, A.R. and C.S.K.; Writing—Review and Editing, C.S.K., H.T.K. and H.W.L.; Supervision, H.W.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET) through Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs Convergence Technologies Program for Educating Creative Global Leader, funded by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA) (717001-7). This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2019R1I1A3A01051739).

**Conflicts of Interest:** There is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this research.
