*4.1. Descriptive Results*

#### 4.1.1. Sample Characteristics

Table 2 presents the characteristics of the sample at the household and farm-level for Kilosa and Chamwino, as well as a pooled sample covering the two districts. In the two districts, farm level characteristics showed important differences. In particular, households in Chamwino district possessed more land and livestock and have more cultivated plots and crops grown, on average, as compared to those in Kilosa district. Levels of self-provision of food seemed to also be higher in Chamwino evidenced by higher share of home consumption from total output. Furthermore, greater distance to paved roads suggests poor access to markets and key services. This was not the case for Kilosa which has a better proximity to markets.


**Table 2.** Selected household and farm characteristics.

Worker equivalents used to capture labor available at the household were calculated by weighting household members: less than 9 years = 0, 9–15 = 0.7, 16–49 = 1 and above 49 years = 0.7; All monetary variables have been converted from local currency Tanzanian Shilling (TZS) to 2010-based purchasing power parity United States Dollars (PPP \$).

#### 4.1.2. Comparison of Farm Production Diversity by Agro-Ecology and Market Access

Figure 3 provides a comparison of farm production diversity indicators based on agro-ecological and market access characteristics in Kilosa and Chamwino districts. It also presents the overall levels of farm production diversity using data pooled from the two districts. Overall, significant differences in farm production diversity can be observed between the two districts. Specifically, diversity based on crop-livestock count was significantly lower for Kilosa compared to that of Chamwino. Similarly, diversity based on the number of food groups produced showed the same pattern. In both districts, however, cereals constituted the main food group that is produced. In Kilosa, the second, third and

fourth most important food groups produced were pulses, seeds and nuts. In Chamwino, on the other hand, the 'pulses, seeds and nuts' food group ranked second in terms of production after cereals.

**Figure 3.** Comparison of mean farm production diversity by agro-ecology and market access in Kilosa and Chamwino Districts.
