*3.2. Data Collection*

To enable a comparative analysis, two focus districts were selected from each region namely Kilosa in Morogoro and Chamwino in Dodoma (see Figure 2). In each district, three villages were chosen based on having relatively similar (1) village sizes (800–1500 households), (2) climatic conditions, (3) livestock integration and (4) rain-fed cropping systems. The selected villages were Ilolo, Ndebwe and Idifu for Chamwino district and Changarawe, Nyali and Ilakala for Kilosa district.

**Figure 2.** Study sites in Morogoro and Dodoma regions, Tanzania (Source: Trans-Sec [33]).

A primary household survey was then conducted in the six villages. Using household lists prepared by local agricultural extension officers in collaboration with village heads, 900 households were randomly selected, proportional to sub-village sizes. A total of 150 households were interviewed from each village. A detailed structured questionnaire was used to collect data at the household level. Apart from socio-demographic information, the questionnaire contained comprehensive sections on agriculture, livestock, off-farm employment, non-farm self-employment and food consumption and expenditure. It also captured seasonal aspects of food consumption at the household level.
