*3.1. Study Area and Data*

Tanzania has diverse climatic and ecological zones which support different agricultural systems [29]. Given the focus of this article, we use data from Kilosa and Chamwino Districts within two Regions in Tanzania (Morogoro and Dodoma). These regions are situated in two distinct agro-ecological zones and, in general, represent about 70%–80% of the types of farming system found in Tanzania [30]. Table 1 provides a summary of main characteristics of the study areas in terms of agro-ecology, agricultural potential, access to major markets and cropping as well as livestock systems. The two study areas also differ with regards to food security. Morogoro fairs better but has areas with varying levels of food security while most areas in Dodoma are characterized by high food insecurity.


#### **Table 1.** Summary of main characteristics of study area.

Sources: Environment statistics [29], National sample census Morogoro [31], National sample census Dodoma [32].
