*2.3. Study Participants*

Participants were parent or caregiver/child dyads where the parent/caregiver appeared to be under 45 years, attending the playground by themselves (not with another adult) and caring for at least one independently mobile child who appeared to be under 5 years. The estimation of the child's age was based on general appearance and height. Parents caring for more than one child were included in the study. Where parent/carers had multiple children under their care, the researchers chose the child that best fitted the criteria—under 5 years and independently mobile. Participants were not notified they were being observed so as to obtain naturalistic data. Participants who left the playground or were lost from the site (into a café/toilet) within the first 10 min of the observation were excluded from the study. Researchers recruited participants for intercept interviews (*n* = 20). Parent/Carers appearing to meet the participant criteria were approached and invited to participate in the study. No parent/carers declined to be interviewed. Participants were provided with an information sheet and consent form prior to the commencement of interviews. Ethics approval was obtained for this study by Curtin University Research Ethics Committee no: HRE2016-0027.

### *2.4. Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection*
