*2.5. Immunoblotting*

HFAs or U251 cells collected at designated time points post-infection were washed three times with phosphate-bu ffer saline (PBS) before lysing with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) Sample Bu ffer containing β-mercaptoethanol (2%) and 1 unit of Benzonase (Millipore; Burlington, MA, USA) per sample. Proteins in the samples were denatured at 98 ◦C for 10 min, separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes for immunoblotting as described [31]. Proteins on the membranes were imaged and analyzed using an Odyssey ® CLx Imaging System (LI-COR Biosciences; Lincoln, NE, USA). Relative levels of MAVS, PMP70, PEX3, PEX7, PEX11B, PEX13, PEX19, and catalase (normalized to actin) were determined using Odyssey Infrared Imaging System 1.2 Version software.
