*Article* **The Detection of Black Ice Accidents for Preventative Automated Vehicles Using Convolutional Neural Networks**

### **Hojun Lee 1, Minhee Kang 2, Jaein Song 3 and Keeyeon Hwang 1,\***


Received: 13 November 2020; Accepted: 16 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020

**Abstract:** Automated Vehicles (AVs) are expected to dramatically reduce traffic accidents that have occurred when using human driving vehicles (HVs). However, despite the rapid development of AVs, accidents involving AVs can occur even in ideal situations. Therefore, in order to enhance their safety, "preventive design" for accidents is continuously required. Accordingly, the "preventive design" that prevents accidents in advance is continuously required to enhance the safety of AVs. Specially, black ice with characteristics that are difficult to identify with the naked eye—the main cause of major accidents in winter vehicles—is expected to cause serious injuries in the era of AVs, and measures are needed to prevent them. Therefore, this study presents a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-based black ice detection plan to prevent traffic accidents of AVs caused by black ice. Due to the characteristic of black ice that is formed only in a certain environment, we augmented image data and learned road environment images. Tests showed that the proposed CNN model detected black ice with 96% accuracy and reproducibility. It is expected that the CNN model for black ice detection proposed in this study will contribute to improving the safety of AVs and prevent black ice accidents in advance.

**Keywords:** automated vehicle; black ice; CNN; traffic accidents; prevention
