*Limitations*

This study has some limitations that should be taken into account. First, note that the sample is composed of a group of women with very similar sociodemographic characteristics, which limits the generalization of our findings. The small sample size (N = 85) also represents a problem. In this sense, it is important to consider the main obstacle associated with using the Internet in self-applied screening, prevention, or treatment programs, which is low adherence. In our case, as noted in the previous lines, the fact that this was a longitudinal study with a significant load in terms of the number of questionnaires to be completed might have negatively impacted on sample participation and retention. Note, however, that this is a frequent finding in the perinatal research using technology, even when treatment is provided [62]. As noted earlier, there are a number of initiatives that could be implemented to minimize this problem when conducting longitudinal assessments. Another limitation refers to the reliance on self-report measures only, which might have led to interpretation bias or social desirability. However, and in relation to social desirability, the anonymous and online nature of the evaluations should have encouraged honesty [63].

## **5. Conclusions**

In sum, our results support the idea that certain personality characteristics (high N and P) might pose a risk to women for a deterioration of important well-being outcomes. This is important for prevention purposes and would sugges<sup>t</sup> that women characterized by high N or high P should be monitored more frequently during pregnancy (e.g., using ICTs). Additionally, in order to promote changes in personality tendencies, self-applied programs, again using ICTs, could be the first solution in a stepped manner of care, which is more feasible than o ffering face-to-face individual treatments for all, considering the limited existing resources in public health settings in Spain [64].

It is important to note that an intervention program specifically aimed at reducing N and the negative consequences derived from this vulnerability factor currently exists [14]. This intervention, called the Unified Protocol, allows individuals to acquire a set of emotional regulation strategies that facilitate tolerance to discomfort derived from intense emotions, such as sadness or anxiety [65]. Future studies should test if the Unified Protocol e ffectively reduces N levels in a sample of pregnan<sup>t</sup> women and whether, consequently, an improvement in outcomes (e.g., depressive symptoms, adaptation to

pregnancy, and perceived social support) occurs. Again, and according to previous similar research, ICTs could be used to conduct and easily disseminate these interventions in women in the perinatal stage [60]. This opens fascinating avenues for future research in the field.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization J.O., C.S.-R., L.A.-P., and V.M.-B.; methodology, J.O. and C.S.-R.; formal analysis, C.S.-R.; investigation, L.A.-P.; resources, J.O., C.S.-R., L.A.-P., and V.M.-B.; data curation, J.O. and C.S.-R.; writing—original draft preparation, L.A.-P.; writing—review and editing, J.O., C.S.-R., and V.M.-B.; supervision, J.O.; project administration, J.O.; funding acquisition J.O. and V.M.-B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Universitat Jaume I, gran<sup>t</sup> number Predoc/2018/43; the Gobierno de Aragon (Departamento de Innovacion, Investigación y Universidad) and Feder 2014–2020 "Construyendo Europa Desde Aragón", research group gran<sup>t</sup> S31\_20D; the Conselleria de Sanidad (Agencia Valenciana de Salud), gran<sup>t</sup> number SMP 45/2011; the Fundación Universitaria Antonio Gargalo and the Obra Social Ibercaja, gran<sup>t</sup> numbers 2013/B006 and 2014/B006.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank all the women who voluntarily participate in this study and all collaborating centers for their support in the dissemination campaigns.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
