3.4.1. Accessible Transparent and Relevant Early-Stage Spatiotemporal Predictions

An UBEM tool with web-based interface can afford to provide more accessibility, to its users than its standalone desktop-based counterparts and therefore helps in achieving awareness, trust, transparency, avoiding opposition, scepticism, helps in bridging capital and solving the information barrier, inertia and passivity and the reliance on volunteers. UBEM tools with hybrid or reduced order bottom up approaches are the most capable to calculate and iterate quickly and to work in data scarce environments. Calculating outputs in over-hourly resolution fosters the time- and computational efficiency further. With these capabilities UBEM tools can afford to provide transparency, existing knowledge and skills, specificity to the market, self-identity, active involvement, embeddedness and robust network, helps with finding synergies, natural and physical pre-conditions, data quality and provide quick granular data against opposition and scepticism.

Co-simulation platform architecture provides modularity and scalability for the platform. This modularity and the modelling of different energy services, on both supply and demand side with visualization capabilities can solve energy poverty threat, find synergies, define social scalability and input legitimacy and foster active involvement, embeddedness and robust resilient network by representing relevant spatiotemporal data. Since modelling of different energy services on supply side and other energy fluxes is an inherent capability, and modular software architecture is also more characteristic by USEM tools, therefore an USEM tool can satisfy the needs described at this affordance.

## 3.4.2. Coupling Impacts to Heterogeneous Needs

When it comes to modelling behavioural and technological changes in an energy community bottom-up approaches are far superior than top-down approaches. Bottom-up approaches with sub-hourly outputs on neighbourhood level can model multiple energy services both demand and supply side and generate wide range of output types. With this a wide range of granular data can be

generated which provides specificity and allows actors to understand the causes of rebound effect, helps in the technological side of social scalability, market transaction and cost optimization, defining physical and natural preconditions, articulate share missions, mapping broader social impacts/benefits, costs, identifying and engaging the appropriate networks and helps with input legitimacy. An econometric model coupled with UBEM can immediately valorise the generated data, and analyse the results in line with the economic macro-environment or community problem field, and this way affords to give help with financial incentives, external financial incentives/lack of funding, analysing the inconsistencies, engagement and support in the political landscape, costs, provide quality assurance for prices, optimize market transaction costs, identify broader social impacts/benefits. Co-simulational tool architecture can afford modularity and scalability, which suggests that tools built this way could afford the transition into a real-time decision support system during operational phase with a higher probability. Since modelling of different energy services on supply side and other energy fluxes is an inherent capability, and modular software architecture is also more characteristic by USEM tools, therefore an USEM tool can satisfy the needs described at this affordance.

## 3.4.3. Quick Feedback from Coarse Data

As bottom-up models are better at generating detailed data, top-down models usually create outputs quicker and can work with coarse statistical data. With over-hourly outputs on a city scale this method can afford to inform land use and building code regulations, provide data to help with the present reliance of volunteers, and can analyse cost efficiencies. Desktop based tools are able to provide data offline, and therefore they can offer a highest level of privacy than web-based ones. An UBEM tool can satisfy the defined progression factors at this affordance.
