Wright (1897–1971)

Hobday's publications were superseded by (J.G.) Wright's Veterinary Anaesthesia, which was first published in 1942. Its objective was to serve as a student textbook and as a reference manual for veterinarians in practice. To this end, the book in all its editions served its purpose well. However, laboratory animal anaesthesia was never prioritized, e.g., the current (11th edition) edited by Hall (deceased) Clarke and Trim, covers most of the laboratory animal species albeit subsumed in a chapter entitled "Anaesthesia of zoological species (exotic pets, zoo, aquatic, and wild animals)". An examination of Figure 3 (below) reveals that the separation of an increasingly specialized laboratory animal anaesthesia literature from that describing the common domesticated species began with Hall and Wrights 5th edition (1961).

### Hume (1886–1981) Russell (1925–2006) and Burch (1926–1996) [51]

In 1926, Charles Hume founded the University of London AnimalWelfare Society which became the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) in 1938. Its goals "were to 'tackle animal problems on a scientific basis, with a maximum of sympathy but a minimum of sentimentality". Amongst its formal aims were to enlist the influence of university men and women on behalf of animals, wild and domestic and to lessen, by methods appropriate to the special character of a university organisation, the pain and fear inflicted on animals by man. In 1954, Hume appointed William Russell and Rex Burch and inaugurated a systematic study of the ethical aspects of experimental animal techniques. Their report, published in 1959 and entitled "*The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique*", condensed humane techniques into three categories; replacement, reduction, and refinement—the 3Rs. Replacement involved using reliable non-animal methodologies when they existed. When they did not, reduction meant using the least number of animals to achieve scientific objectives. Refinement referred to any measure improving the welfare and experiences of animals that could not evade experimentation by being replaced or surplus to study requirements. In discussing refinement and anaesthesia Russell and Burch state:

*"the most generally important of all is that of anaesthesia, the supreme refinement procedure. This has occasioned perhaps the greatest single advance in humane technique, and has at the same time been virtually indispensable for the advance of experimental biology".* [52]

Russell and Burch's appreciation of anaesthesia can be condensed into four general themes (1) its importance, arising from its ability to eliminate pain and su ffering; (2) concerns with administration, i.e., doses and timing; (3) the hazards of neuromuscular blocking agents; (4) the promotion of local anaesthetic techniques.
