**Polly Taylor**

*Article*

Taylor Monroe, Little Downham, Ely, Cambridgeshire CB6 2TY, UK; polly@taylormonroe.co.uk

Received: 31 July 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 2 September 2020

**Simple Summary:** Measurement of the nociceptive threshold (NT) is widely used in the study of pain and its alleviation. This records the intensity of a stimulus that causes pain to the test subject. The end point of the test that indicates when the subject experiences pain, the NT, is a behavioural escape response. Detection of a reliable and repeatable response depends on the animal behaving normally throughout testing. Restraint and an unfamiliar environment may prevent the animal from displaying normal behaviour and impede acquisition of robust NTs. Remotely controlled testing enables NT data to be collected from unrestrained animals behaving normally. Development of a remote controlled system for measurement of thermal and mechanical NTs in a range of large animal species is described. Normal "baseline" thermal and mechanical NTs from untreated animals are reported. This information can be used to improve both the welfare of the animals under investigation and the quality of the data collected. Remote controlled systems are now in use worldwide in both the study of pain physiology and in developing new pharmaceutical and non-drug-based methods of pain relief.

**Abstract:** Nociceptive threshold (NT) testing is widely used for the study of pain and its alleviation. The end point is a normal behavioural response, which may be a ffected by restraint or unfamiliar surroundings, leading to erroneous data. Remotely controlled thermal and mechanical NT testing systems were developed to allow free movement during testing and were evaluated in cats, dogs, sheep, horses and camels. Thermal threshold (TT) testing incorporated a heater and temperature sensor held against the animal's shaved skin. Mechanical threshold (MT) testing incorporated a pneumatic actuator attached to a limb containing a 1–2 mm radiused pin pushed against the skin. Both stimuli were driven from battery powered control units attached on the animal's back, controlled remotely via infra-red radiation from a handheld component. Threshold reading was held automatically and displayed digitally on the unit. The system was failsafe with a safety cut-out at a preset temperature or force as appropriate. The animals accepted the equipment and behaved normally in their home environment, enabling recording of reproducible TT (38.5–49.8 ◦C) and MT (2.7–10.1 N); precise values depended on the species, the individual and the stimulus characteristics. Remote controlled NT threshold testing appears to be a viable refinement for pain research.

**Keywords:** refinement; pain; nociceptive threshold; horse; cat; dog; sheep; camel
