and that

*"if the pain is likely to continue after the e*ff*ect of the anaesthetic has ceased, or if any serious injury has been inflicted on the animal, it be killed before it recovers from the influence of the anaesthetic which has been administered";*

Despite the opposition of the scientific lobby, the new Act also clarified that "the substance known as urari or curare shall not for the purposes of this Act be deemed to be an anaesthetic".

The Act radicalized the dissatisfied anti-vivisection movement [41]. In 1878, the Victoria Street Society declared its goal of total abolition of vivisection prompting the resignation of moderates like George Hoggan. As opposition to vivisection and Victoria Street Society membership grew, the Society reconfigured and in 1897 became the National Anti-Vivisection Society (NAVS). The following year the NAVS voted to accept humane animal experimentation in the short-term whilst remaining committed to a long-term abolitionist goal. Cobbe promptly left to form the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) which demanded the total and immediate abolition of animal experiments, which, as Cruelty Free International, it still does.

### Koller (1857–1944) and Corning (1855–1923)

Karl Koller initially tested cocaine hydrochloride to the cornea of rabbits and dogs in 1884 and reported that, after one-half to one minute, "insensitiveness" was complete and lasted ten minutes [42]. In 1888, Koller moved to the United States and practiced ophthalmic surgery in New York. Here, the neurologist James Corning injected 20 minims (1.3 mL) of a 2% cocaine solution into the space between two inferior dorsal vertebrae of a young dog [43]. Within 5 min, he noted incoordination and later, weakness and anaesthesia of the animal's hind quarters which resolved completely in approximately 4 h. Local anaesthetic techniques had been discovered.
