*3.5. Oxidative Stress Products*

Oxidative damage to proteins (total thiols) and lipids (4-HNE and 8-isop) was significantly higher in NWS, SWS and plasma of children with chronic kidney disease and hyposalivation compared to patients with normal salivary secretion and control group (Figure 3).

**Figure 3.** Oxidative damage to proteins and lipids in children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and healthy controls. 4-HNE—4-hydroxynoneal protein adducts; 8-isop—8-isoprostanes; C—Healthy controls; CKD NS—CKD patients with normal salivary secretion; CKD HS—CKD patients with reduced salivary secretion; NWS—Non-stimulated whole saliva; SWS—Stimulated whole saliva. Differences statistically significant at: \* *p* < 0.05, \*\* *p* < 0.005, \*\*\* *p* < 0.0005, \*\*\*\* *p* < 0.0001.
