**9. Conclusions**

Nutrition science is shifting focus from caloric intake and macronutrient proportions to the molecular, "pharmacological" actions of food components. Pharma-nutrition partly helps overcome the many hurdles that impede providing sound dietary advice [217]. As many general reviews on olive biophenols are available [18], in this paper we focused on recent evidence (published in the last decade) of the cellular and molecular actions of these interesting molecules. Accumulated data do indicate that olive biophenols, chiefly hydroxytyrosol, have properties that largely explain the cardioprotective effects of diets where EVOO is the most prominent added fat [218]. It should be underscored that evidence-based pharmacology would require several high-quality human trials before health claims can be exhibited [219]. With regard to olive oil and its biophenols, these studies are urgently needed if we want to substantiate the numerous biological properties of these compounds. However, this is very difficult to implement in the area of nutrition [7]. Therefore, caution should be exerted before the formulation of strong, definitive statements about olive oil and its components, and as a matter of fact, any food ingredient. However, it is worth noting that the available evidence on olive biophenols is abundant and scientifically allows suggesting the use of high-quality olive oil as the principal form of dietary fat. Whether isolated molecules or well-characterized extracts could be employed as pharma-nutritional adjunct agents to, e.g., lessen inflammation and improve prognosis of inflammatory diseases should be addressed by future, high-quality human studies.

**Author Contributions:** Invitation by guest-editors, F.V. Writing-Review & Editing, M.C.C., J.T.-C., A.D., and F.V.

**Funding:** Supported by grants from the Spanish "Agencia Estatal de Investigación" and European FEDER funds to F.V. and J.T.-C. (AGL2017-87884) and to A.D. (AGL2016-78922-R); and by the Fundación Ramón Areces (CIVP18A3888) (Madrid, Spain) to M.C.C., J.T.-C., A.D. and F.V.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
