*5.1. Descriptive Statistics*

Table 3 gives the summary statistics of the variables of interest. It gives information about the overall, between, and within variations in terms of mean and standard deviations, together with the minimum and maximum values of the variables. The total sample is 180 observations: 15 industry groups and 12 years of data from 2005 to 2016. In the summary, we included variables such as industry production, employment, and labor productivity, defined as the ratio of production per employee in the industry groups, capital proxied by fixed assets, and the value of energy and human capital proxied by wages and salaries. Accordingly, for variables such as production per employee and the value of energy, the within variations are higher than the between variations, while the within variations of

labor and capital are higher than the between variations. The minimum and maximum values of each variable are also given in Table 3.


**Table 3.** Summary statistics of the variables of interest.

Source: Authors' computations using Stata.
