*4.2. The Variables' Development Over Time*

Figure 1 gives the trends of production for the 15 industries included in this study. The industry classification is standard, as provided by the Statistics Authority of Ethiopia. A list of the 15 industry groups is reported in Table 1. Based on this, the food and beverage industry (industry code 1) shows an increasing trend for 10 years (2005–2016). Similarly, the other non-metallic mineral products industry (industry code 10) and the motor vehicle and trailer industry (industry code 14) show an increase in the recent years of the study period. However, the remaining industries have constant trends in production. Thus, the outcome of policies in the form of industrial development's effects are heterogeneous across industry groups. Figure 2 presents the trends of energy use across the industry groups. With the exception of the wood products industry (industry code 6) and the non-metallic mineral industry (industry code 10), the overall trends in energy use throughout the decade, on average, show steady growth. However, these two industries are relatively more energy intensive and, very recently, a decline in energy use has been witnessed in both these industries.

Figures 3 and 4 give the trends of capital and employment in the 15 industry groups in the study period. The use of capital increased over time for the food and beverage industry (industry code 1) and the non-metallic mineral products industry (industry code 10) compared to the other industry groups. Employment in the food and beverage industry (industry code 1) as well as the textile industry (industry code 3), on average, showed an upward trend throughout while the rubber and plastic industry (industry code 9) and the metallic industry (industry code 12) had huge employment in the second half of the study period but, overall, had a flatter upward trend over time. In the remaining industry groups, the overall employment trend was steady.

**Figure 1.** Production trends by industry groups.

**Figure 2.** Energy use trends by industry groups.

**Figure 3.** Capital trend by industry groups.

**Figure 4.** Employment trends by industry groups.

Figures 5 and 6 show the share of production and energy use by the manufacturing industry groups. The food and beverage industry (code 1) had the lion's share in terms of production followed by the non-metallic mineral products industry (code 10). The apparel industry (code 4), wood industry (code 6), and machinery industry (code 13) had the lowest shares compared to the other industry groups. The energy use share was the highest in the metallic industry (code 10), followed by the wood industry (code 6), the apparel industry (code 4), and the textile industry (code 3).

**Figure 5.** Gross value of production by industry groups.

**Figure 6.** Energy use across industry groups.
