**2. Methodology**

Figure 1 shows the boundary of this study, where material and energy consumption from raw-material mining to vehicle assembly were considered. Moreover, this study considered the seven main materials (i.e., steel, iron, plastic, glass, rubber, aluminum, copper) that represent 85–96% of a vehicle's mass in the analysis [4,18–20].

**Figure 1.** Analysis boundary of the vehicle production supply chain.

Initially, processes where each type of material used is clarified and material flow elaborated, considering materials, were input. Consequently, energy consumption by energy resource (i.e., oil, natural gas, coal) and electricity were calculated in each phase of the flow. Finally, the results were analyzed and compared for discussion to create an in-depth understanding of the industry.
