*4.1. Analysis of Results of Static Panel Model*

In order to compare with the calculation results of SARAR and SLM model, the static panel model is used. Table 2 shows the static panel model estimation results. Hausman test results reject the null hypothesis at the 1% level, meaning that the individual fixed effect model is superior to the individual random effect model. The fixed effect estimation results show that the direct rebound effect is 39.0%, which means that 39.0% of the electricity consumption of urban residents saved by improving electricity efficiency is offset by the direct rebound effect. Actually only 61.0% of the expected savings can be achieved. The fixed effect estimation results also show that population, income and degree day have significant effects on the electricity consumption of urban residents. Then, we use improved models to analyze the direct rebound effect and its spatial spillover effect.


**Table 2.** Estimation results of static panel model.

Note: The number in parentheses is the level of significance. \*\*\*, \*\*, and \* indicate significance levels at 1%, 5%, and 10%, respectively.
