**5. Conclusions**

In this paper, the effects of seed cracks are studied and predicted through the orthogonal cutting simulation with PFC2D based on the discrete element method. The results of cutting forces, random cracks, and surface roughness are analyzed. The following conclusions are obtained from this study:


**Author Contributions:** G.Y. and S.L. conceived and conducted the simulation; H.A. and G.Y. performed the experiments; G.Y. analyzed the data; and G.Y. and S.L. wrote the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Science Foundation under grant no. CMMI-1537846.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.
