**Abbreviations**

*ACVRL1*: activin receptor-like kinase 1; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CI, confidence interval; CT, computed tomography; CVM, cerebral vascular malformation; *ENG*, endoglin; HHT, Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia; HVM, hepatic vascular malformation; PAVM, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation; SD, standard deviation; SSN, social security number; TTCE, transthoracic contrast echocardiography; VM, vascular malformation.
