*2.5. Real-Time PCR*

Total RNAs were extracted, purified, and reverse transcribed using the RNeasy kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) and OneStep RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA). RT-PCR was performed using an I-Cycler IQ Multicolor RT-PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad) with SsoFast Eva Green Supermix (Bio-Rad). All experimental Ct values were normalized against the Ct value of internal control, GAPDH. Relative abundance was determined by 2-ΔΔCt and expressed as fold changes. Primer sequences are listed in Supplementary Table S1.
