*Article* **Evaluating the E** ffi**ciency of Transit-Oriented Development Using Network Slacks-Based Data Envelopment Analysis**

### **Eun Hak Lee 1, Hosuk Shin 1, Shin-Hyung Cho 2, Seung-Young Kho 3 and Dong-Kyu Kim 3,\***

1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; eunhak@snu.ac.kr (E.H.L.); hosukshin@snu.ac.kr (H.S.)


 **\*** Correspondence: dongkyukim@snu.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-2-880-7348

Received: 19 June 2019; Accepted: 15 September 2019; Published: 21 September 2019

**Abstract:** The purpose of this research is to evaluate transit-oriented development (TOD) e fficiency in Seoul using the network slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (NSBM DEA) model. The smartcard data and socio-economic data are used to evaluate the transit e fficiency of 352 subway station areas in Seoul. To measure the TOD e fficiency, the two-stage network is designed with the transit design stage and the transit e fficiency stage. The overall e fficiency score of each station area is estimated through each score of the stage. The results of the e fficiency evaluation by station area indicate that the overall e fficiency score average is 0.349, with the transit design score and e fficiency score estimated to be 0.453 and 0.245, respectively. The results indicate that the balance of each stage is crucial to achieve an e fficient station in the concept of transit e fficiency. With the e fficiency scores of the 352 subway station areas, the TOD e fficiency is also evaluated by the administrative units in Seoul. The results of district analysis reveal that the top 10 e fficient administrative units are characterized by both residential and commercial land use. The results indicate that e fficiency is found to be good in areas having both residential and commercial characteristics.

**Keywords:** transit-oriented development (TOD); transit e fficiency; smartcard data; network slacks-based measure data envelopment analysis (NSBM DEA)
