**5. Conclusions**

Lifetime PTSD for the sample of war veterans studied is significantly associated with insecure attachment, war-related experiences, and childhood adversities. However, this study cannot conclude on the causality of the association between insecure attachment and lifetime PTSD. War-related experiences and specific childhood adversities seem to constitute significant predictors for the development of PTSD, although there is a possibility of recall bias. Severity of war exposure is associated with lifetime PTSD—independently of attachment orientations or childhood adversities. Nevertheless, the significant association of insecure attachment with lifetime PTSD assessed 40 years after war-related TEs supports the importance of attachment-focused interventions for the treatment of war veterans with lifetime PTSD.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/8/4/359/s1, Supplementary Materials: War Exposure Questionnaire.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, I.C.-V., M.S., D.C. and R.M.-C.; methodology, I.C.-V., M.S. and R.M.-C.; validation, I.C.V.; formal analysis, M.S. and I.C.-V.; investigation, I.C.-V.; resources, I.C.-V.; data curation, I.C.-V.; writing—original draft preparation, I.C.-V.; writing—review & editing, I.C.-V., M.S., D.C. and R.M.-C.; visualization, I.C.-V.; supervision, D.C.: and R.M.-C.; project administration, I.C.-V.; funding acquisition, D.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was partially supported by the Associação dos Amigos do Serviço de Endocrinologia do Hospital de São João.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the Portuguese Disabled Veterans Association: Associação dos Deficientes das Forças Armadas (ADFA), for its help in selecting the sample. We also thank Sara Rocha, Cecília Aguiar, and Catarina Gomes for their assistance.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
