**6. Conclusions**

This qualitative research found that the issue of child abuse by NK refugees' parents arises in a specific context of migration. This is similar to studies of migrant and refugee families abroad. We sugges<sup>t</sup> that service providers should consider the culture and experience of both the entry country and migrant country when intervening in their problem. Similarly, child abuse prevention services previously designed for non-refugee families present many limitations to NK refugee families. Therefore, the government, local governments, and related organizations should develop child abuse prevention programs that consider the specific needs of NK refugees.

Previous results show that child abuse is more likely to be caused by personal, emotional, cognitive, and environmental factors that are interrelated and, influencing each other, rather than being caused by a single factor. This conversely suggests that utilizing the 'virtuous circle of resources' for the prevention of abuse is possible. In other words, intervention in some factors may a ffect others since the factors are linked together. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the structural relationship and the size of influence of each risk factor when balancing realistic problems as they arise in practice, such as when prioritizing the service supply is necessary due to limited resources.

In addition, in this study, the mechanism of occurrence of abuse by case was found to be very specific, diverse, and contextual. Therefore, the intervention for preventing child abuse is expected to be more effective if service providers add to their e fforts to closely assess the individual circumstances and context they are in.

**Author Contributions:** W.R. and H.Y. contributed equally to all aspects of the research reported in this paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Yonsei University (protocol code: 7001988-201810-HR-408-04, date of approval: 29 June 2018).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to Participant's personal information.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship and/or publication of this article.
