**5. Limitations**

This study lacked diversity among the subjects. The study was conducted with only those participants who expressed their willingness to participate, so parents who engage in unstable employment situations were excluded. Therefore, follow-up research should try to include various NK participants, including single parents and young parents who may have more di fficulty raising their children. In addition, in-depth interviews were di fficult in this study. In order to understand the details, additional questions such as the background of their defection, and information about family members remaining in the North are sometimes required, but there is a limitation as questions were di fficult, considering the sensitivity of the questions and the participants' emotions. In addition, if it was determined that there was an expected risk of information exposure, even if the information was voluntarily stated by participants, the issue was not actively addressed in this study.
