*Article* **A Measurement-Based Frame-Level Error Model for Evaluation of Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks**

**Yun-Shuai Yu <sup>1</sup> and Yeong-Sheng Chen 2,\***


Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: 17 July 2020

**Abstract:** Industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) are a key technology for smart manufacturing. To identify the performance bottlenecks in an IWSN before its real-world deployment, the IWSN must first be evaluated through simulations using an error model which accurately characterizes the wireless links in the industrial scenario within which it will be deployed. However, the traditional error models used in most IWSN simulators are not derived from the real traces observed in industrial environments. Accordingly, this study first measured the transmission quality of IEEE 802.15.4 in a one-day experiment in a manufacturing factory and then used the measurement records to construct a second-order Markov frame-level error model for simulating the performance of an IWSN. The proposed model was incorporated into the simulator of OpenWSN, which is an industrial WSN implementing the related IEEE and IETF standards. The simulation results showed that the proposed error model improved the accuracy of the estimated transmission reliability by up to 12% compared to the original error model. Moreover, the estimation accuracy improved with increasing burst losses.

**Keywords:** IWSNs; error models; IEEE 802.15.4; second-order Markov chain; OpenWSN; transmission reliability
