*5.2. Bioscavenger*

In neurodegenerative disorders (ND) such as Parkinson's, Huntington's, and Alzheimer's disease, the peculiar homeostasis of Cu2+ can lead to neural cytotoxicity [29]. The high incidence of these pathologies has led researchers to consider experimental treatments which are increasingly in line with modern medicine [30].

Other studies have been focused on 2D nanomaterials which are capable both of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) without any side effects, and of reducing metal oxidation.

In 2018, a study by Chen et al. demonstrated how BP nanosheets can effectively capture Cu2+, thus protecting neural cells from cytotoxicity. BP 2D nanosheets, tested both in vitro and in vivo, have shown exceptional clinical properties when used in subjects a ffected by ND. In fact, BP has shown the ability to selectively capture Cu2+, among the various metal ions present in the organism (such as Mg<sup>2</sup>+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and so on). Excellent results were also obtained in photothermic therapy, in which BP biofilms guaranteed excellent permeability of the BBB, improving the pharmacological e fficacy and minimizing the problems of chemical cross-reactions among the various drugs used in treatments [31].
