**6. Conclusions**

Induction, proliferation, and regeneration of PLBs (IPR–PLBs) in orchids is one of the most promising techniques to replace current conventional micropropagation techniques, in particular because it has wide application in clonal conservation, propagation, breeding, and phytossanitary-cleaning of elite plants used in the flower market. Although many authors used somatic embryogenesis to describe IPR–PLBs technique or their origin, recent molecular studies about the origin route of PLBs, at least in *Phalaenopsis* orchids, showed that IPR–PLBs routes are not the same of somatic embryonic origin. Some limitations of IPR–PLBs in orchids such as low repeatability of responses due to high genotype dependence and the presence of somaclonal variations (SV) still limit their large-scale use in the production of clone plantlets. Although the main causes of SV described in papers were the genotype-sensibility, the use of cytokinin thidiazuron and subsequent PLBs proliferation, only genotype sensibility looks conclusive, because SV was also observed in protocols using other cytokinins, such as BA and Kin. Nevertheless, the new findings associated with the identified instability factors, associated with the recent sequencing of the *Phalaenopsis equestris* genome, and the use of new molecular tools that increase the accuracy of quantitative identification analyses and the causes of somaclonal variation, are in agreement with the evolution of this technique, which represents the tool of greatest potential today to replace other less efficient micropropagation techniques in the production of plantlets in orchids.

**Author Contributions:** J.C.C. and C.A.Z. designed and wrote the manuscript. J.C.C. and J.-T.C. comprehensively revised and improved the quality of manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was financed in part (English editing service and scholarship to C.A.Z.) by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES) Finance Code 001.

**Acknowledgments:** J.C.C. thanks to São Paulo Research Foundation for the project number 2018/20673-3 and to Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico for the project number 311083/2018-8.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest, either financially or otherwise.
