*2.1. Process*

In all coating experiments, the cold-spraying equipment with a De-Laval 24TC nozzle (CGT KINETIKS 4000; Cold Gas Technology, Ampfing, Germany) was used. Nitrogen was used as the process gas with a 500 ◦C operating temperature, and a 3 MPa pressure. The spray distance was 20 mm with a process traverse speed of 10 mm/s. The coatings were deposited on a grit-blasted annealed stainless steel (SUS 304). The substrates were annealed with an electric furnace to preheat the grit-blasted substrate to four di fferent temperatures, respectively (i.e., 300, 500, 700, and 1000 ◦C) before spraying. In all cases, the temperature of the annealed substrate during spraying was at room temperature.
