*Proceedings* **Peculiarities Regarding the Reconstruction of a Broken Grooved Shaft** †

## **Bogdan Bucur \*, Constantin Bucur and Gabriela Andronic**

"George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mures, Gh. Marinescu 38, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; constantin.bucur@umfst.ro (C.B.); andronicgabriela86@gmail.com (G.A.)


Published: 22 January 2021

**Abstract:** The work remarks the peculiarities, which appeared in the reconstruction of a broken grooved shaft. The originality of the subject consists of the realization of a slotting tool, in material changing, which increased the reliability of the piece, and the total time of measuring the allocation to the work. The dimensional aspects specified include the adjustment, the tool making for profiling the groove, the choice of the material, and the required time to design and build the new spare part.

**Keywords:** splintering processing; grooved; CAD; slotting tool; semi-coupling

## **1. Introduction**

Argument: for the machinery park to work with maximum, economic efficiency of mechanization and works automation, in addition to rational exploatation and the proper maintenance, the organization must be ensured and performing current and capitals repairs at a high technical level as well as of assemblies, [1].

The studied grooved shaft can be seen in Figure 1. The first findings on the damaged piece are as follows:


**Figure 1.** Broken grooved shaft–plastic material/part.

## **2. Working Method**

The construction stages of the new grooved shaft are as follows:


## *2.1. Dimensions of the Piece and Execution Drawing*

The dimensions determining the defective piece are shown in Figure 2. It was achieved with some difficulty due to the advanced state of deterioration caused by impact. For dimensional detection it were used two micrometers of the exterior with an aperture of 0–25 and 25–50 mm were used for the measurements, having an accuracy of 0.01 mm and a caliper with a rod having an accuracy of 0.02 mm.

The CAD design media—Inventor Autodesk was used to elaboration on the drawings present in this paper. Groove assemblies are shaft-hub assemblies designed to transmit torque and rotational motion, [2].

**Figure 2.** The execution sketch of the grooved shaft [3].

The shape of the groove protrusion is identified with the rectangular profile, but the piece which is made of polyamide, does not insist on the aspects related to the precision of execution (with external centering, with internal centering or with centering on the flanks). Argument: regardless of the category in which they fall, plastics have a high specific coefficient of expansion due to the Van der Walls bonds (week bonds) between the chains and their conformation, [4,5].

The affected accuracy of the part in question is shown—Table 1.


**Table 1.** The coefficient of linear expansion [4].

## *2.2. Choosing of the Material for the Grooved Shaft*

The main framings of the polyamide are: Polyamide 6 (PA 6) and Polyamide 6.6 (PA 66). However by modifying the chemical structures (chain length and chemical organization), several other families of polyamides are obtained: PA 4.6; PA 6.10; PA 10.10; PA 11 and PA 12, [6]

Determining the type of polyamide that made up the defective piece was not insisted on, since another material will be chosen. The argument for this option as follows:


In order to improve the strength and hardness or of some technological properties (splintering, material castability, etc.), aluminum alloys with Mg, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Ti, Li, Bi, Sb, etc. [7].

For the manufacturing process of the part was used the material: EN AW-6061/AlMg1SiCu (EN 573-3-2007) [5].

## *2.3. Machining of the New Grooved Piece*

Of all technological processes necessary for execution of equipment, machinery, machines, the one of mechanical processing is most complex [8].

The notion of manufacture derives from two latin words *manus* (hand) and *factus* (to do), resulting combination meaning "hand made". The formal term of "hand made" accurately described the manual methods used until the word "manufacture" was coined around 1567 [9], and it used as a verb, it first appears around 1683 [10]. Next, the piece will not be "hand made" totally, so we have the elements of technological process of mechanical processing are: operation, placement/position, phase, passage, handling and movement, [8]. The unique manufacturing system of the piece will use classic machine tools, a universal lathe SNB 400 × 750 [11] and a milling cutter machine FUS 22, [12].

## *2.4. Initial Turning of the Grooved Shaft*

The processings performed on SNB 400 × 750, inside the machine tool laboratory of "George Emil Palade" UMFST of Târgu Mure¸s, are classic cutting operations, so this paragraph will not be developed, except for Figure 3, in order to argue the shape evolution of the semi-couple during its fabrication.

**Figure 3.** Cilindrical lathe of the semi-couple

## *2.5. Mortising the Grooved Profile*

The manufacturing preparation of the FUS 22 machine (equiped with a slotter ram) takes into account the adjustment of MDPT system (machine, device, part and tool) as follows:


**Figure 4.** Measurement of deviations of fixing the part in the universal of the index head of FUS 22 machine tool: measuring the radial beat (**a**); axial deviation out of the X direction measurement (**b**); measuring frontal beat (**c**); axial deviation out of the Y direction measurement (**d**); Three-dimensional (3D) model of the slotting machine process: main cutting movement (*I*), indexing movement, executed by the part (*II*); mortising device (**1**) mortising knife-tool (**2**), part (**3**), screw for fixing the knife-tool (**4**).

When mortising, the main movement (alternating rectilinear) is performed vertically by the tool, and the feed movement (intermittent) is performed, at the end of each inactive stroke of tool [13,14], in the horizontal plane, also by the tool, however, in the transverse direction (particular case on—FUS 22 machine). By slotting, flat vertical surfaces can be generated with curvilinear profiles, channels of wedge, inner or outer grooves and teeth, etc. [13,14]. In the Figure 4, you can see the 3D model of the theoretical sintesis of the mortise process and the measurement of the deviations of fixing the piece in the universal slotter ram on the machine tool FUS 22:


After the mounting index head and slotter ram, both the semi-finished and the slotting tool, Kinematic adjustment parameters are established on the FUS 22 machine and after the positioning adjustments [15]: the main movement (alternative rectilinear) of the slotting tool ncd = 50 dr/min, the cutting advance s = manual, and an empirical calculation—s = 0.0359 mm/dr, is being determined

by knowing the timing (3 5"), to displacement at the cutting depth t = 1.95 mm. About for the splintering knife-tool, the name is generally adopted for a wide range of single-tooth tools used in cutting processes, on universal lathes, revolver lathes, automatic, and semi-automatic, carousel lathes, on mortising, grinders, on boring machine, a.o. [16].

In Figure 5 you can see the scheme of the robot part that defines all the machined surfaces of the finished part.

**Figure 5.** Letter of the surface on the piece [3,13].

Depending on temperature at they work, tools steels for cold processing, non-alloy and alloyed, with working temperature below 200 ◦C and tool steels for hot machining, alloyed, at which working temperature is over 200 ◦C, [7].

In Figure 6 you can see the details of the geometry of the active part of the mortising cutting tool, as well as the fixing in the mortising device.

**Figure 6.** Shape evolution at the mortise knife manufacture.

Only one piece (aluminum) is fabricated, thus the chosen material for the mortise knife is C105U 1.1545 (SR EN ISO 4957:2002), [7].

According to the classification [15,17], the full name of the tool for cutting the groove is: Radial slotting tool of high-speed steel with a profile. In Figure 7 you can see all the geometric and constructive elements of the radial slotting cutting tool.

**Figure 7.** Geometric and constructive elements of the radial slotting tool and holder bar for cutting tool [3,15].

Following is the calculation of the simple indirect division [12,13] for the rotation of the index head axis at each executed channel (out of the 12 required channels): *GD* is the number of holes on a circumference of disk *D*; *k* is the number of traveled holes; *ZP* is the number of divisions on the surface of the piece, relation (1). Therefore each channel will be divided, rotating the crank of the index head to three complete rotations, on a circle of *GD* = 36 holes plus *k* = 12 additional holes displaced on GD.

$$Zp = \frac{k}{G\_D} = \frac{40}{12} = 3 + \frac{40}{12} = 3 + \frac{12}{36} \tag{1}$$

In Figure 8 you can see practical aspects about manufacturing process of tne grooved shaft.

**Figure 8.** Slotting the groove (**a**), cutting the piece (**b**) and milling the square profile (**c**).

## **3. Results and Discussion**

The total time includes: 1 h measurements + 1 h parametric modeling of three drawings + 1 h 55 slotting tool construction + 2 h 40 turning + 2 h 54 mortising + 1 h 19 turning again + 1 h 30 square profile milling, with a total of 11 h 38'. It is not possible to assess whether the realized time (11 h 38 ) is more or less, achived. It would be desirable to conduct a theoretical calculation of time, for edification. Figure 9 shows the final result of the technological method approached for the manufacture of the grooved shaft, as well as the assembly whit conjugate part.

**Figure 9.** The piece after mortising (**a**), in four hypostases—the finished piece (**b**), the part-mounted piece on the worm (**c**).

For the working method presented, all the photo present in this paper are original and were taken in the laboratory M.U.—A014 of the "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technologie of Targu Mures, Roamania.

## **4. Conclusions**

The dimensions of the defective piece have been determined, in the Inventor-Autodesk enviroment. The necessary 2D and 3D drawings were designed, all the necessary technological steps, necessary tools, and adjustment of the machine tools were completed.

The slotting tool was conceived and built by the auto-endowment, and saving acquisition costs.

It was possible to piece the fabricate in required parameters, according to the endowment of the laboratory. Therefore, no other faster or cheaper fabricatione ways are disputed (3D printing or CAD/CAM). In this sense, it would be interesting to have a comparison.

#### **References**


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