*1.1. Related Works*

Protection, control, management, and communication requirements, as well as the intermittent characteristic of RER as the main element of MG, has made this research area a trend in the power industry. This trend is divided into two different domains: electrical and communication. The performance of the predecessor is dependent on the successor. As shown in Table 1, several researchers have attempted to recognize communication architecture and technologies adapted to MG requirements as an interactive smart element of the public electricity grid. Safdar et al. [21] divided communication in MG into three levels: home area network (HAN), field area network (FAN), and WAN. The authors proposed appropriate communication technologies for each level. Based on the requirements of physical connections, they made wireless technology attractive for communication in MG. The authors in this paper mentioned reliability, quality of service (QoS), security, complexity, standardization, and efficiency as challenges in the communication infrastructure of MG while

disregarding enough intention to standard protocols, and their relevant constraints, which have had a significant effect in communication technology employment. MG testbed structures and applied communication technologies were reviewed comprehensively in [22]; however, this review focused on characteristics of implemented structure communication technologies, and future trend guidelines were missing. Bani-Ahmad [23] then clarified the data flow and communication protocols and standards of MG, such as the Internet Protocols Suite, Modbus, DNP3, and IEC 61850, and focused on MG physical communication links in two parts: wired physical links and wireless physical links. Although this survey satisfied the protocol critical characteristics of communication in MG in comparison with typical IT systems, there was no classification of the application of highlighted technologies in MG communication structure. The role of communication in MG, wired and wireless technologies, and their limitation in MG applications were analyzed in [16]. Mavrokefalidis et al. [24] provided a brief overview of the communication infrastructure and challenges of applying wireless communication in MG. Marzal et al. [20] investigated the feasible network topology for smart MG along with MG evolution. The authors then noted smart MG issues, including bandwidth, latency, reliability, and cybersecurity, and studied communication protocols and technologies through the literature. The categorized communication technologies based on application and reviewed their characteristics and issues, as discussed in [25] and studied in [26] after the comparison of specifications of wired and wireless communications, which concentrated on satisfying communication requirements and the architecture of smart inverters in MG.



All these attempts investigated communications requisite for and technologies applied in MG and their specifications and applications, although some of the following aspects, which affect communication requirements in MG, have been neglected. Applying energy storage systems (ESS), RER, and responsive loads (RL) along with the introduction of new concepts in a smart grid (SG) and MGMS architecture such as MAS, multi-MG, and IoT integration, make MG an integrated part of the main grid. In this scenario, MG cooperates in the electricity market as a prosumer and supports the main grid by providing ancillary services (AS) such as demand response (DR), power system frequency, and voltage stability, as well as black-start aid and electricity market contribution by using technologies such as vehicle-to-grid (V2G), smart inverters, and so on. Moreover, communication protocol standards, which are applied in MG communication, need revising to attain appropriate a communication infrastructure for these new technologies. To produce these aspects, we focus on MG as SG tiles, and cut short the path to the development of SG penetration [27]. We will provide a supervisory hierarchical structure for MG corresponding to the SG conceptual model, as well as clarifying the situation of this structure in the distribution management system (DMS). Another idea behind this hypothesis is using MG to help power system stability by splitting the power grid into islands [28]. Table 1 shows how this paper, in comparison with related works, involves all examined MG control structures and wireless technology applications, in order to detect a roadmap for exploiting these technologies.
