*3.2. System Load Model*

The different types of load models have a direct impact on distributed system planning [28]. The type of load models that are voltage-dependent, as defined in [29], are residential, commercial, and industrial loads. Voltage-dependent loads are calculated using Equations (13) and (14) and the values in Table 1.

$$P = P\_0 V^{\alpha} \tag{13}$$

$$Q = Q\_0 V^{\beta} \tag{14}$$

where α is an active power exponent, β is the reactive power exponent, *V* is the bus voltage in per unit (p.u.), *Po* is the active power at rated voltage, and *Qo* is the reactive power at rated voltage.

**Table 1.** Exponent values for residential loads.

