**5. Conclusions**

The research question in this study addressed the consumer trade-off considerations for purchasing a BEV, a hybrid, or a gasoline-powered car using a publicly available simulation, the first of its type. The findings of the paper show early break-even points for the two alternative scenarios: A BEV re-charged by PVS and a PHEV re-charged through the grid. In both cases, the break-even was about a year (13, and 12 months, respectively). However, the BEV benefited from tax credits to achieve that early break-even. Due to other considerations that affect buying a BEV, such as a driving range [66], the continuation of tax credits should be a policy focus.

The environmental impacts associated with the PVS-BEV scenario are nominal. Further, such a scenario avoids the 11–20% increase in demand on the grid that may occur by 2040 [65]. Good policy would consider incentivizing the use of the PVS-BEV relationship, while developing smart grid capability. For the PHEV, the GHG are estimated to be much less than for the ICEV; however, the true impact is possibility underestimated [23].

This study provides a foundation for sensitivity analysis in relation to both cost and environmental effects associated with car purchasing decisions. It also highlights the differences in terms of GHG and time. It illustrates how tax credits and residuals values affect TCO and how the choice of re-charging sources affects total costs. Further, the use of ETS forecasts for utility costs provides a reasonable method for estimating energy costs. Finally, it highlights an issue that may require a policy solution: Grid demand increases based on increased EV demand. The solution might include PVS-BEV incentives.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://rminator.shinyapps.io/Vehicles/.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization through writing, L.F. The author has read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.
