**4. Conclusions**

A vehicle stock turnover model of the road freight vehicle fleet was used to assess the role of powertrain electrification in the decarbonization of road freight transport in the case of Japan between 2012 and 2050. Main conclusions are listed below:


**Author Contributions:** The contribution of the authors to this article is as follows: conceptualization, J.C.G.P. and V.T.N.; methodology, J.C.G.P., V.T.N., M.A. and S.S.; software, J.C.G.P. and V.T.N.; validation, J.C.G.P., V.T.N., M.A. and S.S.; formal analysis, J.C.G.P., V.T.N., M.A. and S.S.; investigation, J.C.G.P., V.T.N., M.A. and S.S.; resources, J.C.G.P., M.A. and S.S.; data curation, J.C.G.P. and V.T.N.; writing—original draft preparation, J.C.G.P.; writing—review and editing, M.A. and S.S.; visualization, J.C.G.P.; supervision, M.A. and S.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors appreciate the comments and suggestions made by the reviewers.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
