*2.1. Photovoltaic Output Model*

Solar power is the use of battery modules to directly convert solar energy into electricity. Solar energy is an inexhaustible source of clean energy, and a solar PV power station is safe, reliable, and unaffected by the energy crisis. However, it is difficult to accurately predict the power generation of a PV system [18]. Due to the periodicity and randomness of the output of a PV power station, the output is considered as [19]

$$\begin{aligned} PV\_{l,t}^G &= \overline{PV\_{l,t}} + P\hat{V}\_{l,t} \\ \text{s.t.} & \underline{PV\_{l,t}} \le P\hat{V}\_{l,t} \le \overline{P\hat{V}\_{l,t}} \end{aligned} \tag{1}$$

In other words, the uncertainty of the PV can be expressed as [*PVl*,*<sup>t</sup>* + *PV*ˆ*l*,*t*, *PVl*,*<sup>t</sup>* + *PV*ˆ*l*,*t*], where *PV<sup>G</sup> <sup>l</sup>*,*<sup>t</sup>* is the output of the *l*th PV power station at period *t*, *PVl*,*<sup>t</sup>* is the forecasted output of the *l*th PV power station at period *t*, *PV*ˆ*l*,*<sup>t</sup>* is the deviation, and *PV*ˆ*l*,*t*, *PV*ˆ*l*,*<sup>t</sup>* are the lower and upper limits of *PV*ˆ*l*,*t*, respectively.
