*1.3. Inverter Reactive Power*

Modern inverters have the capability of providing reactive power support to improve voltage profiles and to minimize power losses, and therefore were investigated for the application of EV charging in [19]. According to the IEEE global community published standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems, namely IEEE 1574, there is no requirement for power factors [20]. On the other hand, in the international standard

IEC 61727, the average lagging power factor of PV inverters is stated to be 0.9 when PV generation is 90% [21].

The charger also has the capability of allowing reactive power flow to the grid by utilizing the DC-link capacitor. Several authors have addressed this topic using the bi-directional EV battery charger enabled with the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept [22].

A control scheme in [23] implemented PV inverter reactive power compensation to improve network power quality, to reduce losses and overvoltage, and to increase renewable generation capacity. A method in [24] proposed an improved control response for grid inverter reactive power compensation, which controls the power flow between distributed generation and utility. An experimental study in [25] utilized the PV smart inverter as a Volt-Ampere reactive (VAr) controller to regulate the distribution voltage without the installation of additional devices.
