*5.1. Problem Description*

In this study, we verified the validity of the model by selecting a typical grid-connected microgrid in an area where people work. Figure 1 is a diagram of the initial state of the scheduling system. After the simulation of the model built in Section 2, Figure 1 is obtained. PV-down and PV-up represent the lower and upper bounds of PV power output at each moment, respectively. EV charging-up

and EV charging-down represent the upper and lower bounds of the charging power of electric vehicles, respectively. As shown in Figure 1, when people come to the work area in the morning, they start charging; the charging behavior is concentrated between 8:00 a.m. and 10:30 a.m. At this time, the demand for electricity in the office area increases, but the output of the PV power station is still relatively low. To compensate for the disordered charging behavior of EVs, DEs have to increase their output, which results in an increase in the total cost of the system. At noon, people have a rest time and the system electricity demand is reduced, but PV power stations have the most output at that time. If there is no electrical equipment to consume the electrical energy, this will cause a discard phenomenon. Therefore, an unoptimized system is neither stable nor economical.

**Figure 1.** Initial status of the microgrid of an unoptimized system.
