3.2.7. Spinning Reserve Constraint

The spinning reserve constraint is to ensure a reliable power supply:

$$\sum\_{i=1}^{I} P\_{i,t}^{\max} + \sum\_{j=1}^{I} PMT\_{j,t}^{\max} + P\_{\text{grid},t}^{\max} + \sum\_{l=1}^{L} PV\_{l,t}^{G} \ge (1 + L\_l) \left( P\_{\text{load},t} + \sum\_{k=1}^{K} PEV\_t^G \right) \tag{18}$$

where *Lt* is the spinning reserve rate.

### **4. Robust Optimization Model**
