*1.2. PV Implementation with EVCSs*

Improving the distribution voltage levels affected by EV charging demand was suggested in [10] by combining PV systems with EV chargers, which proved effective in reducing system losses and in improving load profile and voltage levels. The modeled EV was modeled as a constant load, which was preliminary and did not reflect the actual load characteristics as proven in [6]. The authors of these papers did not incorporate the reactive power involved in EV chargers reported in [13].

To reduce the demand for EV charging of the electric grid, wind-powered EVCSs were suggested by [14]. A PV-based charging station with historical PV prediction was implemented in [15], which showed optimal performance. The author of [16] considered renewable energy technologies, including a diesel generator, concluded that a charging station with PV can benefit most when grid-connected.

Renewable energy sources, such as PV systems, have energy benefits regarding the grid, but may cause disturbances if not analyzed closely [17]. The increased penetration of distributed generation can lead to power system violations or problems such as voltage violations, line capacity or transformer overloading, and extreme line losses [18]. It is suggested in [15] that the most accurate hosting capacity limit for distributed generators (DGs) must be based on assessments of historical limits, performance limits, perception, and enhancement techniques. In other words, uncontrolled charging requires adding new equipment like transformers, cables, and protection devices so the existing distribution system can successfully host and deal with the EV charging.
