**5. Conclusions**

The potential advantages of the V2H services using the off-board inverters are well described in the literature. The novelty of this paper is the reference to the applicable use of on-board 3-phase motor inverter and its control system for the both EV charging and ancillary services—V2H. Such an approach is beneficial since additional infrastructure costs are minimal.

In this paper authors concentrated on creating the accurate test-bed in the PSCAD environment that can be utilized to:


The conducted tests confirmed that the EV on-board single structure (consisting of motor inverter, its control system, switches/breakers) is sufficient to provide V2H services in the home installation equipped with:


Since there is no need for additional off-board inverter the cost of V2H services implementation can be minimized. In other words, the V2H services give the EV owner the opportunity to provide emergency power supply (with minimal additional infrastructure expenses) and potentially lower the costs of electrical energy (if a home energy management system is used).

It should be noted that the availability and effectiveness of V2H services (such as peak shaving or uninterruptable power supply) depend on energy stored in the EV batteries. Thus, it is strictly related to the vehicle usage profile (availability of EV battery).

As driving capabilities, the main functionality of EV, should not be limited by additional V2H services, the integration with the home energy management system seems to be advantageous. HEMS can determine the EV battery charging/discharging pattern including restrictions resulting from:


Although the presented simulation results confirm that the EV motor inverter technology is ready for the V2H services, the limited capacity of the EV battery and the impact of charging/discharging cycles might be an issue. On the other hand, intensive research is being carried out into the development of storage technologies, so this should not be a problem in the future.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, I.W. and R.M. and P.K.; literature review K.W.; formal analysis, R.M., I.W.; software, R.M.; investigation and validation R.M., P.K.; writing—original draft preparation, I.W.; writing, visualization and editing P.K.; review and supervision, I.W.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
