*4.2. Assumptions and Considerations*

The Ahmadi low-voltage (LV) residential network delivers power to domestic customers and operates on a medium-voltage to low-voltage (MV/LV) transformer, which supplies 40 houses with five outgoing pillars or feeders (Figure 4). The main transformer of the substation is loaded at 80% of its rated capacity.

**Figure 4.** Ahmadi residential network-typical.

All networks are assumed to be three-phase with balanced loads. Residential customers were modeled individually as lumped loads according to the main feeder maximum demand with an average power factor of 0.85.

Both the loading and the characteristic data of the network's buses and lines were considered in this study. The cables feeding the customers were modeled according to their characteristics, sizes, and lengths. As shown in Table 2, the maximum current demand was measured during peak hours in Kuwait at 14:00 on 6 June.



The total number of EVCSs was chosen according to the required placement locations in the distribution network (see Figure 4 and Table 3).


**Table 3.** Scenarios for the EV and PV locations for each case study.

It was assumed that only one EVCS is placed at each defined location/bus. The maximum capacity for the EVCS to be added to the network without violating the grid constraints was first obtained for every case study. Then, the optimal location of the PV was obtained for every EVCS location scenario. This was repeated for different values of the power factor. The reactive power at the inverter was taken into consideration for these scenarios by varying the PV inverter power factor (PF = 1, 0.9, and 0.8).

For the IEEE 33 bus system, the PV location was assumed to be at the EV charger bus. The impact assessment of EV charging on the Ahmadi residential area as performed when the chargers were at the residential buses as a case study. Another case was considered when charging was centralized at upper buses. The cases for the PVDG locations are defined in Table 4

**Table 4.** Cases for PV locations.

