*1.2. Environmental Considerations*

EVs may provide a partial solution to the growing efforts to reduce carbon emissions and improve the environment [7]. One study suggested that they could reduce Global Warming Potential (GWP) by 15%, carbon monoxide (CO) by 37%, and carbon dioxide by 14% [8]. As part of any energy efficiency analysis, emissions, costs, and demand trade-offs [9] and geographic location need to be evaluated, because the efficacy of energy-efficient technology varies across regions [10], just as emissions vary with economic growth, population density, urbanization, fixed capital investment, and technological adoption [11]. The adoption of a BEV powered by photovoltaic systems (PVS) may be cost-effective and would reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions [12]. Of course, TCO is just as important to consumers as environmental impact.
