*4.3. PV and Load Profiles*

After considering the impact of EVCSs on the grid during maximum demand (peak hours), a daily assessment of the power system was performed over a period of 24 h. during a summer peak day. The power flow was run with daily EVs, loads, and PV profiles to obtain the total power system load profile (see Table 5). The load profile was constructed from IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) system [32]; see Table 5.

**Table 5.** Daily variation % of peak load [32], EVCS hourly peak load in % daily peak load [27], and PV hourly generation for a 5 kWp plant in Kuwait on 11 June PVSYST© [33].


The hourly variation of the peak demand is provided as a percentage for every hour. The EVCS profile is based on the hourly peak loads as a percentage of daily peak loads. The individual house peak demand on the residential Ahmadi network is considered to be 22 kW. This is based on the data obtained from the site survey from the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) housing team [34]. A rooftop PV power generation of 5 kW is obtained from the PVSYST© results in Table 5 and confirmed by capacity factors from the real-life PV rooftop projects installed in Kuwait [35]. The estimated PV generation is based on satellite data obtained for site location coordinates N 28◦49 29.12 (Latitude: 28.97), E 47◦45 36.81 (Longitude: 47.62).The actual meteorological data of the location is taken from satellite measures provided by SolarGIS [36]. The software used PVSyst© considers the location's real temperatures and insulation on an hourly bases [33]. The electrical components are based on a typical PV rooftop system installed on the rooftop of a house in Kuwait City obtained from the contractor. According to the collected weather data, the peak irradiance in Kuwait occurred on 11 June. The hourly daily max demand load profile was constructed by PVSYST©; the selected PV panel type was Solar Frontier SF 155-S [37], and the inverter was PVI-6000-OUTD [38].
