**3. Input-Series Output-Parallel (ISOP) DC-DC Converter**

All the related work in for the ISOP DC-DC converter, including system configuration, detailed SSM, and control strategy, has been previously published in [40].

## **4. Input-Parallel Output-Parallel (IPOP) DC-DC Converter**

In this section, the IPOP DC-DC converter circuit diagram, as well as the IPOP DC-DC converter SSM, are discussed in detail.

### *4.1. IPOP Circuit Diagram*

IPOP DC-DC converters are employed in high-current and high-power applications [44]. The IPOP converter configuration is shown in Figure 3, where the modules connected in parallel at the input and the output sides. This architecture is employed when the input side and the output side current are higher than the semiconductor devices' current rating.

By ensuring equal Input Current Sharing (ICS) and Output Current Sharing (OCS), the input current per module is *Iin* <sup>3</sup> , and the output current per module is *Io* <sup>3</sup> . In which, *Iin* and *Io*, are the IPOP input current and the IPOP output current, respectively. The merits of the IPOP DC-DC converter can be highlighted in more accessible semiconductor devices selection due to the low current stress per module. Besides, a higher switching frequency can be achieved and accordingly lowering the size of the magnetic components.

**Figure 3.** Input-Parallel Output-Parallel (IPOP) DC-DC converter circuit diagram.
