**Appendix B**

This appendix provides the details of how we quantify the effect of non–financial policies. We assign different values to the policies. Mandate and purchasing restriction are dummy variables, indicating whether it is implemented. The other non-financial policies are categorical variables evaluated by policy intensity. The wider the policy is applied in the country, the higher the scores it gets. For example, if the policy was implemented nationwide other than just in some target cities, it will get higher value. For waiver, we added up the value of three variables to get the total scores, which are shown in Table A2 below. Table A3 gives the value of some non-financial policy in 2018 and Table A4 provides the value of numerical variables. Data are adapted from IEA reports.

**Table A2.** Summary of policy value for *waiver* in 2018 [2,43].


\* No policy; \*\* Only in target cities; \*\*\* Nationwide policy.

**Table A3.** Summary of policy value for the variable in selected countries in 2018.



**Table A4.** Summary of numerical variables in 2018.
