**4. Conclusions**

In this paper, we detailed the challenges involved in developing a novel battery operating system that is suitable in future applications and described the details of some solutions that we developed. Particularly, details of the following elements of a robust battery management system are described:


Further, we provided insights into the remaining challenges that needs to be addressed in the domain of battery management systems research.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, B.B.; Methodology, B.B.; Validation, B.B., M.A. and K.P.; Resources, B.B. and K.P.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, B.B. and M.A.; Writing—Review & Editing, K.P.; Visualization, B.B. and M.A.; Supervision, B.B.; Project Administration, B.B. and K.P.; Funding Acquisition, B.B. and K.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** B. Balasingam acknowledges the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) for financial support under the Discovery Grants (DG) program [funding reference number RGPIN-2018-04557]. Research of K. Pattipati was supported in part by the U.S. Office of Naval Research and US Naval Research Laboratory under Grants #N00014-18-1-1238, #N00173-16-1-G905, #HPCM034125HQU and by a Space Technology Research Institutes grant (#80NSSC19K1076) from NASA's Space Technology Research Grants Program.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The founding sponsors had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.
