*2.3. Ecological Niche Model*

### 2.3.1. Training and Projection Area

As training and projection areas we considered the European and North Africa territories comprised between latitudes 30◦ N–70◦ N and longitudes-15◦ W–35◦ E.

#### 2.3.2. Data Collection

To collect occurrence records of the taxa of interest identified through charcoal analysis, we used several sources as: (1) public access databases, including the European forest genetic resources programme (http://www.euforgen.org) and the European Information System on Forest Genetic Resources (http://portal.eufgis.org/) and (2) shapefiles obtained by Caudullo et al. [43]. We screened all the records in ArcGis (version 10.2.2; http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis) for spatial autocorrelation using average nearest neighbour analyses and Moran's I measure of spatial autocorrelation to remove spatially correlated data points and guarantee independence [44,45]. After spatial autocorrelation analysis of our dataset, to generate ENMs we used only fully independent presence records falling within the native range as described by Caudullo et al. [43] (Supplementary Materials, Figures S2–S5).
