**3. Conclusions**

The sports sand surfacing is used in different sports and is proven to contribute to both increased athletic performance and a decrease in the risk of injuries. The first step to engineer an optimum sand surface is understanding the dynamic behaviour of sand surfacing. In this work, different methods to study the dynamic behaviour of sand surfacing used in the sporting industry are provided and where applicable, were backed-up with empirical data. Analysing the the impact data of laboratory-based experiments provided insights into how subtle alternation between the sand moisture content and density can significantly affect its dynamic behaviour upon impact force. Analysing the sand moisture content and firmness data, collected via portable moisture meter and penetrometer device, prior to a greyhound racing race, showed that high fluctuation between these values along the width of the track (mainly the inside and middle regions) can contribute to catastrophic incidents. The study provided in this work can contribute to the standardising of sport sand surfacing in sports other then greyhound racing such as volleyball.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.H. and D.E.; methodology, H.H. and D.E.; software, H.H.; validation, H.H., D.E. and C.P.; formal analysis, H.H.; investigation, H.H.; resources, D.E.; data curation, H.H.; writing–original draft preparation, H.H.; writing–review and editing, X.H., D.E., Y.Q.; visualization, H.H.; supervision, D.E.; project administration, H.E.; funding acquisition, D.E. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The work is funded by Greyhound Racing New South Wales with UTS institution reference of PRO17-3051.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
