**Tadpole:** Not described.

**Distribution** (Figure 209): *Teratohyla amelie* is known from a few localities in the foothills and Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador and Peru at elevations between 350 and 1037 m ([19,176,253], this work). In Ecuador, it has been found at only five localities, all within Pastaza Province. In Peru, *T*. *amelie* is known from a single locality: Km 10 from Quincemil towards Puerto Maldonado (13◦12-03.6" S; 70◦40-28.9" W; 572 m) [19]. In Ecuador, the potential distribution of the species is 24,852 km2.

**Figure 209.** Distribution of *Teratohyla amelie* in Ecuador (yellow dots).

**Conservation status:** *Teratohyla amelie* is classified as *Data Deficient* by the IUCN [293]. However, the distribution of the species is much broader than previously recorded. Thus, we sugges<sup>t</sup> that this species should considered as *Least Concern*.

**Evolutionary relationships** (Figures 16 and 210): *Teratohyla amelie* is the sister species to *T*. *pulverata* [2]. Given the lowland distributions of these two species—*T*. *amelie* east of the Andes and *T*. *pulverata* from west of the Andes—the most likely mechanism of speciation is vicariance through the uplift of the Andes.

**Figure 210.** Evolutionary relationships of species in the glassfrog genus *Teratohyla*. The trees were inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian criteria.

**Specimens examined:** *Teratohyla amelie:* Ecuador: *Provincia de Pastaza:* Comunidad de Oglán (1.318◦ S, 77.711◦ W, 600 m), DHMECN 3066, 3591; Tributary of Río Lliquino (1.45295◦ S; 77.443◦ W; 350 m), QCAZ 37920–21, 38779; tributary of Río Rivadeneira (1,3604◦ S, 77.86534◦ W), QCAZ 48734; Reserva Ecológica Río Anzu (1.40608◦ S; 78.0479◦ W; 1037 m), QCAZ 47204; Reserva Ecológica Shanca Arajuno, Río Shanca Arajuno (1.35998◦ S; 77.86564◦ W; 850–875 m), QCAZ 37912–13; Curintza (2.05747◦ S, 76.751◦ W), DHMECN 4372.

**Photographic records:** Ecuador: *Zamora Chinchipe province:* Reserva Natural Maycu (4.24859◦ S, 78.6574◦ W), QCAZ 66821. *Morona Santiago province:* Kimm (3.0146◦ S, 78.0354◦ W), QCAZ 73545 [294]. *Teratohyla midas* (Lynch and Duellman, 1973 [22]; Figures 211–214).

*Centrolenella midas* Lynch and Duellman, 1973 [22]. Holotype: KU 123219. Type locality: "Santa Cecilia, 340 m, Provincia Napo (Sucumbíos), Ecuador". *Cochranella midas*—Ruiz-Carranza and Lynch, 1991 [6]. *Teratohyla midas*—Guayasamin, Castroviejo-Fisher, Trueb, Ayarzagüena, Rada, and Vilà, 2009 [1].

**Common names:** English: Midas' Glassfrog. Spanish: Rana de Cristal Midas.

**Etymology:** The specific name *Midas* is that of a king in Greek mythology, at whose touch everything turned to gold. The epithet is associated with Río Aguarico (=rich water), near the type locality of the species, in reference to gold found in the river, and in allusion to the gold flecks on the frogs [22].

**Identification:** Among glassfrogs that inhabit the Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador, *Teratohyla midas* is unique by having a green dorsum with a few small yellow dots that are usually concentrated on the upper flanks (Figure 211); other important diagnostic traits include a white digestive tract, small body size (male SVL < 22.5 mm), and the absence of humeral spines. Other species with similar dorsal coloration that inhabit the Amazonian slopes of the Andes are *Nymphargus cariticommatus*, *N*. *siren*, *N*. *humboldti* sp. nov., and *Rulyrana flavopunctata*. All these species have numerous yellow spots uniformly distributed on the dorsum (limited to the upper flanks of the body in *T*. *midas*). Also, none of these species have a white digestive tract, and species of *Nymphargus* have less hand webbing than *T*. *midas*.

**Figure 211.** *Teratohyla midas* in life. Adult male from stream near Tena, 708 m, MZUTI 1621. Photos by Eduardo Toral.

**Diagnosis:** (1) Vomers with dentigerous process bearing zero to four teeth; (2) snout truncated in dorsal aspect; truncated to bluntly rounded in lateral profile (Figure 212); (3) tympanum moderate, oriented almost vertically, with slight lateral and posterior inclinations, its diameter 29.1%–36.3% of eye diameter; only upper border of tympanic annulus obscured by supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane clearly differentiated from surrounding skin; (4) dorsal skin smooth; males with minute spicules visible only under magnification (×250); (5) venter areolate; pair of enlarged subcloacal warts; (6) white parietal peritoneum covering anterior 40%–50% of venter (condition P2); white pericardium and gastrointestinal peritoneum; translucent peritonea on liver and gall and urinary bladders (condition V2); (7) liver lobate, covered by transparent peritoneum (condition H0); (8) humeral spines absent; (9) webbing absent between Fingers I and II, reduced between Fingers II and III, and moderate between outer fingers (Figure 212); formula: II (2−–2)—(3–3<sup>1</sup>/3) III (2−–2<sup>+</sup>)—(1<sup>3</sup>/4–2) IV; (10) feet about two-thirds webbed; webbing formula: I (1–1+)—(2–2+) II (1–1+)—(2–2+) III (1−–1<sup>+</sup>)—(2–2<sup>+</sup>) IV (2–2+)—1 V; (11) ulnar and tarsal folds absent; (12) concealed prepollex; in males, nuptial pad Type I; (13) Finger I slightly longer than Finger II (Finger II length 94.1%–98.4% of Finger I); (14) width of disc of Finger III about 34.4%–39.7% of eye diameter; (15) in life, dorsum green with few small yellow dots usually concentrated on flanks; bones green; (16) in preservative, dorsum lavender with small white dots; (17) iris, in life, silvery white with pale yellow hue, faint brown horizontal stripe, and grey reticulations; yellow ring around pupil; (18) melanophores usually covering fingers and toes; (19) males call from the upper surfaces of leaves; call consists of a series of three notes; each note is 0.15–0.16 s in length, with a dominant frequency of 7030–7060 Hz; (20) fighting behavior unknown; (21) eggs deposited on the upper side of leaves along streams; short-term maternal care present; prolonged parental care absent; (22) tadpoles unknown; (23) minute body size; in males, SVL 19.0–22.5 mm (X = 19.9 ± 1.346, *n* = 8); in females, SVL 20.9–26.8 mm (X = 23.0 ± 2.135, *n* = 8).

**Figure 212.** *Teratohyla midas*, QCAZ 33226. (**A**) Head in lateral view. (**B**) Hand in ventral view. Illustrations by Juan M. Guayasamin.

**Color in life** (Figure 211): Dorsum green with few small yellow spots on upper flanks. White upper lip. Venter white anteriorly and transparent posteriorly. Iris silvery white with pale yellow hue, faint brown stripe, and thin grey reticulations. Green bones.

**Color in ethanol:** Dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs cream lavender to lavender. Anterior half of the venter cream white, posterior half cream with some translucence. Digestive tract white (with iridophores).

**Variation:** Two paratypes (females KU 107026, 150622) lack yellow spots on the dorsum. Additionally, these individuals were the largest females examined (SVL = 26.8 and 25.4 mm, respectively). When excluding them from the summary statistics for the female body size, the values change as following: SVL = 20.9–23.8 mm (X = 21.95 ± 1.009, *n* = 6). Teeth on the dentigerous process of the vomer are always present in females; vomerine teeth are less evident or absent in males.

**Biology and ecology:** This species has been found throughout the year on leaves of herbs, shrubs, and trees along small rivulets in the Amazonian rainforest ([22,139], this work). At Santa Cecilia, *Teratohyla midas* is sympatric with *Hyalinobatrachium munozorum* and *Cochranella resplendens* [22]. Diaz-Ricaurte et al. [295] provide a description of the amplexus, oviposition, and parental care behaviors in the species. The observed female laid 27 eggs that, after fertilization, were covered by the female for almost an hour (brooding).

**Call** (Figure 213): The following description is based on a call of *Teratohyla midas* (LBE-C-036), recorded at the Boanamo community, 240 m, Orellana province, Ecuador, by Morley Read. Calls are emitted in series; 16 calls were recorded in a 3-min period. Time between calls is 10.2–15.1 s (mean = 13.02 ± 1.732). Each call is short and composed by a single note, which has a duration of 0.073–0.092 s (mean = 0.082 ± 0.007). Notes usually have three or four well-differentiated pulses (mean = 3.14 ± 0.378). The dominant frequency measure at its peak is 7210–7390 Hz (mean = 7285 ± 60.4). Calls are similar to those reported by Twomey et al. [19] for Peruvian populations of the species, although they report a dominant frequency at 6760–7060 Hz.

**Figure 213.** Calls of *Teratohyla midas*, LBE-C-036, recorded at Boanamo community, 240 m, Orellana province, Ecuador, by Morley Read. (**A**) Call series: fragment showing 3 calls. (**B**) Single call.
