**3. Results**

The results of our phylogenetic reconstruction are depicted in Figure 4. All island taxa were reconstructed within their previously assigned genera (*Dactyloa* and *Norops*), and all relationships described herein have high support (posterior probability > 0.88). For Isla Gorgona, *D. chocorum* and *D. princeps* were both nested within clades of mainland conspecifics. The *D. princeps* clade was recovered to be sister to *D. frenatus* and *D. chocorum* sister to *D. fraseri* in all analyses. As previously hypothesized, *D. gorgonae* was placed sister to *D. chloris*. Within *Norops*, the island *N. parvauritus* was placed within a clade of mainland *N. parvauritus* from Ecuador, all of which is sister to *N. biporcatus*. *Norops townsendi* was recovered as sister to *N. poecilopus* and a clade of semiaquatic anoles that also include non-aquatic *N. trachyderma* and *N. tropidogaster*, and endemic *N. medemi* was placed sister to *N. urraoi* (a newly described species from the northwestern Andes) as suggested by Grisales-Martínez et al. [41], and nested within a clade of species from northern Colombia, Panama, and Costa Rica (*N. fuscoauratus, N. kemptoni*, and *N.* "newspecies," (believed to be *N.* cf. *elcopeensis* per [73]). There was also a deeper divergence within *N. medemi*, suggesting the species has been on Isla Gorgona at least for 6.1 Mya (5–8 Mya, 95% CI).

Node dating analyses were similar when using fossil dates + mutation rate versus the molecular calibration rate alone (Figure 4, Dactyloa chloris 1). These estimated dates of *D. agassizi* (as suggested in Román-Palacios et al. [24]) and *N. townsendi* predate the predicted origin for Islas Malpelo and Cocos respectively, while divergence dates for the Isla Gorgona taxa from their mainland counterparts are all younger than the island (all estimates within the past 10 My; Table 1, Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** Range of divergence dates (95% CI) for each of the five anole lineages on Isla Gorgona from a mainland ancestor. Mean node age is represented by an open circle.
