**5. Conclusions**

Herein, we have estimated the divergence from the mainland for seven species of anole lizards in the ETP. *Dactyloa agassizi* and *N. townsendi* both diverge prior to the emergence of their islands (Islas Malpelo and Cocos respectively), and display sexual size dimorphism, similar to Caribbean relatives. *Norops townsendi* additionally displayed divergent patterns of morphological evolution in different populations across Isla Cocos. All lineages on Isla Gorgona appear to originate within the past 10 My, but geologic history of past connections with the mainland is unclear. Three of the species *D. gorgonae*, *D. princeps*, and *N. medemi* display ecological partitioning. This biogeographic and ecomorphological work set the stage for future questions in the realm of island biogeography and community ecology.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/11/9/141/s1, Figure S1: Bayesian phylogeny as calculated by using a mutation rate only; Figure S2: Bayesian phylogeny as calculated by both mutation rate and fossil calibrations, displaying node bars for 95% confidence intervals; Table S1: Species used in phylogenetic analyses with Genbank numbers; Table S2: Locality data for all *Norops biporcatus* and *N. parvauritus* samples used in this study; Table S3: Ecological and morphological data from *Dactyloa agassizi* used in this study; Table S4: Ecological and morphological data from *Norops townsendi* used in this study. Table S5: Ecological and morphological data from five species of anoles on Isla Gorgona used in this study.

**Author Contributions:** K.E.N. designed the study. J.G.P., S.E.B., M.M.W., and K.E.N. collected specimens. J.G.P., S.E.B., E.P., and K.E.N. conducted labwork. J.G.P. and K.E.N. conducted analysis. J.G.P. and K.E.N. led the writing with contributions from all authors.

**Funding:** This work was supported in part by a gran<sup>t</sup> K.E.N. (labwork, analysis and writing: NSF DEB 0949359 and internal funding from Central Michigan University).

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank Andrew C. Kramer and A. Scott McNaught for statistical advice. We would like to thank Mahmood Sasa for logistical and permitting support in Costa Rica, particularly for Isla Cocos. We also thank our Colombian colleagues for logistical support and permitting, especially in accessing Islas Gorgona and Malpelo. We thank Natasha Bloch and Daniel Medina for field assistance on Isla Gorgona, as well as Jeremy Gibson-Brown and the Nicholson lab for editorial comments. Mainland sampling of *Norops biporcatus* was assisted by Sarah Burton, Jenny Gubler, David Laurencio, Lenin Obando, and Javier Sunyer. Additional tissues were provided/collected by Carlos A. Andino, Atanasio Baldonado, Cesar A Cerrato-Mendoza, Sebastian Charley, Wes Chun, Ignacio Cruz, Gabriela Diaz, Stephen Doucette-Riise, Sergio Gonzalez, Lorraine P Ketzler, Francisco Lopez, Ileana R Luque-Montes, Melissa Medina-Flores, Aaron Mendoza, Wendy Naira-Mejia, Ronald Picado, Jay M. Savage, Josiah H Townsend, Scott L. Travers, Laurie J. Vitt and Larry David Wilson. This study conformed to all IACUC regulations and specimens were collected with the appropriate permits (in Costa Rica: permit number ACMIC-002-003, Resolucíones 239-2008-SINAC, 040–2009-SINAC, 017-2010-SINAC and 005–2011-SINAC and MINAET Permit no. 029–2011-SINAC; in Colombia: resolución número 2388, in Nicaragua under DGPN/DB-10–2010 and in Panama under ANAM Scientific Permit No. SEX/A-50-12).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
