**3. Results**

A total of 185 locality records representing all 36 currently recognized *Brachycephalus* species in addition to 32 *Brachycephalus* sp. were generated (Table 1). An unidentified *Brachycephalus* species represented one between two described species that could not be adequately identified (i.e., old museum material collected before certain species were described) as well as new species awaiting formal description. Hereafter, only the described species are analyzed, leaving any evaluations to their own descriptors. The EO for 26 species (Table 1) was estimated, comprising several highly restricted EOs as well as larger ones: 23.8 ha for *B. fuscolineatus*, 37.4 ha for *B. coloratus*, 38.8 ha for *B. boticario*, 41.4 ha for *B. tridactylus*, 56.8 ha for *B. mirissimus* (all from the *B. pernix* group), 143,325.0 ha for *B. hermogenesi*, 702,983.4 ha for *B. didactylus*, 3,021,786.1 ha for *B. sulfuratus* (*B. didactylus* group), and 1,792,535.1 ha for *B. ephippiumsi* (*B. ephippiumsi* group). The population sizes of eight species (Table 1) was also estimated. All were highly abundant with population sizes ranging from 78,344 individuals for *B. mirissimus* and 302,178,610 individuals for *B. sulfuratus*.


**Table 1.** Locality records of *Brachycephalus*.




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1 Data with "?" were not available in literature.

The main threat to the species of *Brachycephalus* is deforestation, a ffecting not only their EO but also other aspects of their biology, such as population size and individual health. Indeed, deforestation affects 20 species. Other species are under threat due to their small EO. Forests within EOs were converted into agricultural areas (e.g., for co ffee and palm plantations - *Archontophoenix alexandrae* H. Wendl. & Drude), tree monocultures (*Pinus* spp. and *Eucalyptus* spp.), urban areas and, more frequently, pastures. Some species also have part of their EO flooded by dams (e.g., *B. nodoterga*) or affected by landslides (e.g., *B. izecksohni*). Fire, edge e ffects, timber harvest, grazing, and the invasion of exotic plants are impacts that reduce the quality of EO. For instance, deforestation and loss of habitat quality are important threats to *B. mariaeterezae*, whose type locality su ffers from fire, grazing, and timber harvests. Fire and grazing substantially a ffect the quality of forests, even the cloud forests of *B. quiririensis*. The estimated population sizes were above those used in the IUCN criteria and therefore were not useful to rank the studied species regarding their conservation status.

The conservation status of all described species (Figure 2, Table 2) were determined. Twenty-one species (58.3% of all species) were classified as at risk of extinction: six as CR (28.6%), five as Endangered (EN; 23.8%), and 10 as Vulnerable (VU; 47.6%). Five species (13.9% of all species) were classified as non-threatened (= LC) and the remaining ten species (27.8%) as DD. The reduced EO (criteria B1) contributes to the ranking status of the conservation of 16 species associated with the number of locations (criteria B1a; 16 species), threats that reduce the area of EO (criteria B1b(i); 16 species), and quality of the area of EO (B1b(iii); 16 species; Table 2). B2 criteria were adopted for eight species (Table 2). For the B2 criteria, the number of locations (criteria B2a; eight species) and the threats that reduced the AO area (criteria B2b(ii); eight species) and quality (criteria B2b(iii); eight species) were also considered. Only one additional criterion (D2) for five species with less than 2000 ha of AO was used, and no threat could be assessed for this AO.

**Figure 2.** Status of conservation for the 36 species of *Brachycephalus* proposed in this study according to the IUCN [48] criteria and categories proposed by IUCN [31–41]. Abbreviation: CR = Critically Endangered; EN = Endangered; VU = Vulnerable; LC = Least Concern; DD = Data Deficient.


**Table 2.** Status of conservation of identified species of *Brachycephalus* according to IUCN [48]. Abbreviations: EO = extent of occurrence (see text for details); MMA =

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1 According Table 1. 2 Data with "?" could not be estimate because of lack of information in literature. 3 According Figure 1.
