**5. Conclusions**

Fatigue is a critical work risk factor in the oil and gas industry and one of the barriers to effective fatigue management is its assessment. The present study adopted a participatory mixed-method approach to develop a 26-item survey to conduct fatigue risk assessment and management in high-risk environments (FRAME survey), that assessed fatigue across four major dimensions, namely, sleep, shiftwork, physical, and mental fatigue. Because the FRAME survey was founded on occupational fatigue science and refined and tailored to the oil and gas industry, through rigorous industry stakeholder input, it will facilitate safer, effective, practical, and sustainable fatigue assessment and management efforts.

**Author Contributions:** R.K.M. conceptualized, supervised, reviewed and edited, A.E.S. conceptualized, conducted, prepared original draft, S.C.P. supervised, reviewed and edited, M.E.B. and Q.Z., reviewed and edited.

**Funding:** Research reported in this publication was supported by the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine under Grant Agreement number [#2000007355].

**Acknowledgments:** We thank the industry members of the Mary K. O'Connor Process Safety Center at Texas A&M University who provided insights and feedback throughout the FRAME survey developmental process. The open access publishing fees for this article have been covered by the Texas A&M University Open Access to Knowledge Fund (OAKFund), supported by the University Libraries and the Office of the Vice President for Research.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
