*Review* **p38 MAPK in Glucose Metabolism of Skeletal Muscle: Beneficial or Harmful?**

#### **Eyal Bengal 1,\*, Sharon Aviram 1 and Tony Hayek 2**


Received: 30 July 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 4 September 2020

**Abstract:** Skeletal muscles respond to environmental and physiological changes by varying their size, fiber type, and metabolic properties. P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of several signaling pathways that drive the metabolic adaptation of skeletal muscle to exercise. p38 MAPK also participates in the development of pathological traits resulting from excessive caloric intake and obesity that cause metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Whereas p38 MAPK increases insulin-independent glucose uptake and oxidative metabolism in muscles during exercise, it contrastingly mediates insulin resistance and glucose intolerance during metabolic syndrome development. This article provides an overview of the apparent contradicting roles of p38 MAPK in the adaptation of skeletal muscles to exercise and to pathological conditions leading to glucose intolerance and T2D. Here, we focus on the involvement of p38 MAPK in glucose metabolism of skeletal muscle, and discuss the possibility of targeting this pathway to prevent the development of T2D.

**Keywords:** skeletal muscle; energy metabolism; signal transduction; p38 MAPK; exercise; type 2 diabetes
