*Article* **Does Facilitating Human–Place Bonds Alleviate the Negative Effects of Incivilities on Health?**

**Massoomeh Hedayati Marzbali 1,\*, Mina Safizadeh 1, Mohammad Javad Maghsoodi Tilaki 2 and Aldrin Abdullah 1**


**Abstract:** The present study has two purposes—methodological and theoretical. The methodological purpose is to examine a method for the analysis of perceived incivilities and health in urban neighbourhoods. The current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between the two variables. The theoretical purpose is to measure neighbourhood incivility as a second-order latent variable that represents physical and social incivilities, and investigates place identity and place attachment as mediators in the relationship between incivilities and health. Previous research has focused on a single dimension of incivility. By contrast, the current study considers a multidimensional form of incivility. This quantitative study comprises 265 residents from an urban neighbourhood in Penang, Malaysia. The results of the structural equation modelling sugges<sup>t</sup> that perceptions towards neighbourhood play a mediating role in the relationship between incivility and health. The mediation roles of place identity and place attachment in the relationship between incivilities and health are also supported. Thus, facilitating human–place bonds alleviates the negative effects of incivilities on health in the study neighbourhood. Residents are less attached to neighbourhoods that are perceived as socially and physically deteriorated. Thus, reducing incivilities and improving place attachment may enhance neighbourhood health.

**Keywords:** incivilities; health; Malaysia; place attachment; place identity; urban neighbourhood
