*3.1. Study Area*

This study investigated the entire 2014 PPS sites, which were concurrently completed: (1) Bukchon-ro 5ga-gil in Jongno-gu, (2) Dongho-ro 11-gil in Jung-gu, (3) Sanggye-ro 3-gil and Sanggye-ro 5-gil in Nowon-gu, (4) Yeonseo-ro 21-gil in Eunpyeong-gu, (5) Gyeongin-ro 15-gil in Guro-gu, (6) Geumha-ro 23-gil in Geumcheon-gu, (7) Bangbaecheon-ro 2-gil in Seocho-gu, and (8) Godeok-ro 38-gil in Gangdong-gu. Figure 2 shows them relatively evenly distributed in Seoul. Although Sanggye-ro 3-gil and Sanggye-ro 5-gil are one site, they are deemed different streets because of their distinct differences, and therefore nine streets actually were examined. The 2014 PPS design proposals initially were intended to extensively use stamped asphalt pavement with various colors and patterns, but some of them were altered by the *gu* (administrative districts) that wanted to reflect their residents' opinions. As a result, the design principles were more or less well expressed among the study sites.

Table 1 provides basic information on the study sites at both times of data collection. The streets were 8.6 m wide on average, which is relatively narrow. The average street length was 333.8 m, which is shorter than the standard walking distance (400 m). The mean traffic (vehicle) and pedestrian volumes of before implementation were 183 vehicles and 509 people per hour, respectively, indicating that more pedestrians than vehicles used the study sites.

**Figure 2.** The eight study sites (2014 Pedestrian Priority Street (PPS)).


**Table 1.** Description of the study sites.

1 Traffic and pedestrian volumes are converted into 'per hour' unit based on the sums of the amounts measured during 15-min data collection periods from 8:30 to 8:45, 16:30 to 16:45, and 19:30 to 19:45; 45 min total time.
