*3.2. Survey Instrument*

In terms of research design, the current study is a cross-sectional design carried out in a residential housing neighbourhood. This research is based on a quantitative method, which prompted participants to respond to a series of questionnaires. The purpose of the study is not to develop a theory; however, the exploratory approach was used to bring new insight on the direct and indirect links between incivilities and health in residential areas. SEM was used to empirically test the conceptualised variables and framework.

The respondents provided their demographic information, as well as 25 statements that reflected physical incivility, social incivility, place identity, place attachment, and health. Incivility is a second-order construct created by considering social and physical incivilities of first-order constructs, and was extracted from an exploratory factor analysis.

Letters were sent to all of the selected houses a week before the first questionnaire interview was scheduled, informing them of the study. The letters ensured that the residents were aware of the study and that they would have already made up their mind whether to participate by the start of the interview. The response rate of the study was 62%. This study, as part of a larger project, was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia. Table 2 presents the study variables with their respective indicators.


**Table 2.** Study variables with respective indicators.


**Table 2.** *Cont.*
