BOLD Questionnaire Investigation

Between January 2020 and March 2020, approximately 100 jeepney drivers were investigated by trained personnel using the BOLD questionnaire at the LCP. The BOLD questionnaire collects information on occupations, indoor/outdoor environmental exposures, socioeconomic status (e.g., income), health conditions (e.g., cardiorespiratory symptoms, and sleeping and breathing disturbance), lifestyles (e.g., smoking), physical activities, and other issues.

### Lung Function and Cardiovascular Measurements

Between January 2020 and March 2020, 100 jeepney drivers were invited to the LCP where measurements on lung and cardiovascular functions took place. Lung functions were measured using the spirometer EasyOne Air (Medizintechnik AG, Zurich, Switzerland) by trained personnel in line with the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society [45]. Briefly, a questionnaire was performed before the measurements to exclude drivers with pre-existing contraindications. For each participant, at least three but not more than eight trials were performed under the

guidance of a professional to obtain the optimal spirometric values. Subsequently, each participant inhaled a bronchodilator (e.g., salbutamol) using a metered-dose inhaler. The lung functions were re-measured 15 min later to ge<sup>t</sup> the post-bronchodilator measurements. For participants with successful spirometric measurements, the electrocardiogram and blood pressure were measured according to the manufacturers' instructions.

Although the exact result of pillar three will be discussed in a complementary manuscript, by doing the spatiotemporal analysis, it was possible to show that the mean and median BC concentrations varied between di fferent routes for di fferent times of the day. The pillar three actions help to identify air pollution levels in various locations. Namely, it was recorded that for the Arayat, Cubao-QCH route, the median measurement was ≈53.5 μg m<sup>−</sup>3, while the mean was 68.4 μg m<sup>−</sup>3. Additionally, the preliminary results showed that higher values were measured in the morning, before 10 a.m. Such results were obtained by conducting a total of forty runs of around 13 km jeepney-travel distance, which lasted 1–2 h per ride. Thirteen drivers participated in the measurements. Additionally, spatial analysis plots showed that equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations were higher along QMC and East Avenue, which had higher tra ffic volume compared to the rest of the route, and were at a minimum in the Arayat market area. In comparison to the UP IKOT route, where 42 runs were accomplished around the 5 km loop (≈25 min per loop), with around ten participating drivers, the median value recorded was 31.0 μg m<sup>−</sup>3. The mean value there was 41.5 μg m<sup>−</sup><sup>3</sup> for this specific route. Higher values were observed in the afternoon after 3 p.m. Furthermore, several pollution hotspots could be identified along the C.P. Garcia Avenue, which is a busy thoroughfare that experiences higher tra ffic volumes compared to inside the UP campus when using the mobile sensors on moving jeepneys. The two routes experience di fferent tra ffic and environmental characteristics, which also has di fferent implications for regular drivers and commuters of the routes. Such variations provide important input for clinical studies and health-related local research.

### *4.4. Coordination: Innovation Embedment via Stakeholder Engagement*

The fourth pillar of the project cuts across disciplines and integrates non-academic partners into the research project for tracing solution-orientated project goals back to the current state of the problem. As the project focuses on the innovation potential and capacity development concerning the mitigation of BC emissions through an assessment of regulatory measures, involving stakeholders from the administration, economy, and science sectors, as well as practitioners from the transport sector, is crucial.

Involving a wide spectrum of stakeholders can be achieved through a series of participatory workshops that consciously avoid disciplinary expert jargon. Local stakeholder involvement provides empirical insight into air-quality-specific innovation opportunities. The project aims at developing recommendations for the further development of air-quality-specific capacities. This can be achieved by bringing together local knowledge of practitioners and other stakeholders involved with experiences of adaptation and innovation potential toward an improved air quality situation.

The transdisciplinary FTI approach is followed using a manual by [46], where the local coordination is in charge of ensuring the success of the fourth pillar. The emphasis in this context is put on the participatory process of identifying, testing, and adapting innovations with stakeholders from di fferent sectors. By following the steps of the FTI approach and applying the TRANSFORM approach, the fourth pillar of the TAME-BC project focuses on systematic and strategic stakeholder engagemen<sup>t</sup> toward collective agreemen<sup>t</sup> to collaborate and co-create solutions [46] and on testing transition and intervention strategies [29].

### 4.4.1. Theory to Local Coordination Practice: Appropriate Embedment in Metro Manila

To root the technological, political, and health awareness practices into the local environment, a local NGO served as the coordinator on the ground. Building on its already established network and the trust of stakeholders in this network allowed for promising cooperation within the expanding network.
