**2. Literature Review**

The neighbourhood or community environment has become a hot topic in the study of environmental and community psychology. Neighbourhoods that are recognized to have stronger social resources, such as social stability, lead to improved health; whereas those with more social and physical incivilities lead to a poor quality of wellbeing [14,19] and problems such as insomnia [24], binge drinking among youths [25], increases in blood pressure, cardio-metabolic diseases [14], obesity [26], and depression [27,28]. Perceived incivilities or other physical and social signs of unrest in neighbourhoods affect the rate of people's stress levels and, consequently, their health [27,29]; such incivilities also reduce contributions in local group events or even the tendency to walk outdoors [30].

Social incivility represents the undesirable behaviours that take place in public settings, such as disruptive disputes, careless neighbours, loitering, and alcohol consumption. By contrast, undesirable environmental conditions, such as vandalised structures, litter, and abandoned cars, are examples of physical incivility [2,31,32]. People who consider their neighbourhood an important part of their identity are likely to spend time outside or to develop closer bonds with their neighbours [33].
