**1. Introduction**

Structured and continuous safety managemen<sup>t</sup> actions, such as collection of data, analysis and intervention can be enabled with the support of the necessary safety intelligence. High quality maintenance and managemen<sup>t</sup> tasks are some of the essential inputs for safe operations. Continuous information 'harvested' from incident reporting arising from these tasks, is another major part of learning and preserving acceptable levels of safety [1]. Thankfully, serious incidents are becoming less frequent [2] but often because of environmental, cognitive and human centric demands, reportable and unreportable events do occur. The main underpinning aviation regulation in Europe, European Union (EU) regulation 2018/1139 [3] refers to 'management system' and mandates an operator to implement and maintain a managemen<sup>t</sup> system to ensure compliance with these essential requirements for safe operations; it also aims for continuous improvement of the safety system through learning from incidents.

In the area of continuing airworthiness, the fundamentals of managemen<sup>t</sup> systems are also extended to incident and occurrence reporting through the implementing conduit of EU regulation 1321/2014 [4]. It is common for incidents to be discovered within organisations and reported with the assistance of such 'systems of systems' [5]. On an operational level, initial human factors training, and company procedures are intended to specify and re-a ffirm the class and type of occurrence and incident that should be reported. Recent developments in Europe in the guise of EU regulation 376/2014 [6] empower voluntary and confidential reporting and are independent of all other individual obligations. The paper recounts an analysis of 15 occurrences drawn from a repository of reportable incidents. Each incident was assessed, and the report data interpreted to support potential primary and secondary causation factors. To translate these learning points into tangible lessons, causation factors are harmonised with a taxonomy for learning. This taxonomy is based upon the Transport Canada 'Dirty Dozen' [7] human factors terms which feature

common aviation human error preconditions. Additionally, a framework is presented in the paper to demonstrate how learning from incidents can be leveraged with best e ffect in the industry segment. Mandatory reportable incidents are notified through the formal mechanism of reporting. Once the incident enters its lifecycle, it ideally transverses a process that transforms the information gathered into knowledge. This knowledge is intended to assist with the prevention of similar future events.
