**5. Conclusions**

On the basis of the comparative studies on the temperature distribution of a workpiece during hot plate rolling and rod rolling via an off-line simulator and numerical simulation, the following major conclusions were drawn:

1. The temperature distribution of the rod during shape rolling is different from that of the plate during flat rolling. The temperature deviation of the rod with area during shape rolling is much higher in comparison with the plate during flat rolling.

2. The measured temperature at the hard contact surface of the rod with roll is lower than 600 ◦C, whereas that of the plate is approximately 800 ◦C.

3. The higher variation in effective stress of the rod along the circumferential direction can induce the higher temperature difference with area of the rod compared to the plate during flat rolling.

4. The heat generation by the plastic deformation during forming process also increases the temperature deviation of the rod with area compared to the plate—higher effective strain at the center area of rod raises the temperature at center area of the rod. In contrast, strain distribution of the plate during flat rolling contributes to the uniformity of temperature distribution of the plate with area.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant, funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2018R1D1A1B07050103).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.
