*2.4. Geometry and Operating Conditions*

To save computing resources, a slot model of the lower part of the BF was derived. Figure 1 depicts the computational domain. The geometric model covers the iron slag surface to the furnace bosh, with the deadman removed. Its size is based on a small steel plant BF. The EMFM equations were calculated using ANSYS–FLUENT 17.2. The phase-coupled SIMPLE (PC-SIMPLE) algorithm was used for the coupling between pressure and velocity. The second-order upwind style was used in the discretization scheme.

**Figure 1.** Blast furnace (BF) schematic and geometry model of the calculation domain.

Tables 3 and 4 list the simulation parameters and computational conditions, respectively. Injection angles of 5◦ were associated with the negative direction of the *y* axis. The chemical reaction, the polydispersity of the particles, and the liquid phase were not considered during the flow process. Therefore, to replace the effects of the above factors, and in combination with the actual charge void distribution in the lower part of the BF, the solid volume fraction was set to 0.6, which is less than the maximum limiting volume fraction (α*s*,*max*). Considering the pressure of the upper layer of the BF, the outlet pressure was set to 303,000 Pa.


**Table 3.** Simulation parameters.


