*Article* **On the Impacts of Pre-Heated Natural Gas Injection in Blast Furnaces**

**Tyamo Okosun 1, Samuel Nielson 1, John D'Alessio 2, Shamik Ray 2, Stuart Street <sup>3</sup> and Chenn Zhou 1,\***


Received: 29 May 2020; Accepted: 28 June 2020; Published: 1 July 2020

**Abstract:** During recent years, there has been great interest in exploring the potential for high-rate natural gas (NG) injection in North American blast furnaces (BFs) due to the fuel's relatively low cost, operational advantages, and reduced carbon footprint. However, it is well documented that increasing NG injection rates results in declining raceway flame temperatures (a quenching effect on the furnace, so to speak), with the end result of a functional limit on the maximum injection rate that can be used while maintaining stable operation. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models of the BF raceway and shaft regions developed by Purdue University Northwest's (PNW) Center for Innovation through Visualization and Simulation (CIVS) have been applied to simulate multi-phase reacting flow in industry blast furnaces with the aim of exploring the use of pre-heated NG as a method of widening the BF operating window. Simulations predicted that pre-heated NG injection could increase the flow of sensible heat into the BF and promote complete gas combustion through increased injection velocity and improved turbulent mixing. Modeling also indicated that the quenching effects of a 15% increase in NG injection rate could be countered by a 300K NG pre-heat. This scenario maintained furnace raceway flame temperatures and top gas temperatures at levels similar to those observed in baseline (stable) operation, while reducing coke rate by 6.3%.

**Keywords:** blast furnace; natural gas; fuel injection; computational fluid dynamics; numerical simulation; combustion; RAFT
