**5. Conclusions**

In this study, we predicted the dynamics of forest ecological resilience indicators (AGB, GSO, ACS, and LSS) at both landscape and land type scales in boreal forests by employing a forest landscape model, and then quantified the ecological resilience by incorporating those representative indicators. This modeling approach also provided insight into ecological resilience trends under changing climate conditions, fire regimes and possible future forest managemen<sup>t</sup> schemes. In conclusion, we found that: (1) The LANDIS PRO model can be implemented in evaluating ecological resilience of boreal forests at multi scales in Northeastern China; (2) the ecological resiliencies of forests in the Great Xing'an mountains were likely to be significantly altered by different climate conditions, fire regimes, and their interactive effects during most of the simulated periods; (3) the direct effects of climate variations on forest ecological resilience in the study area are not likely to be as important as the possible changed fire regimes at the landscape scale, and future climate warming (high CO2 emission) with high fire occurrence regime would significantly reduce the ecological resilience of forest ecosystem; (4) the proposed forest managemen<sup>t</sup> schemes do not mitigate the effects of climate variation and climate-induced fire regime effects under the low climate-induced fire regime scenario, and medium and high intensities of forest managemen<sup>t</sup> schemes (30%, 40%, and 50% intensities) are proposed under the high climate-induced fire regime scenario. These results provided useful information for future boreal forest managements.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/10/3531/ s1, Table S1: Main species attributes of our study landscape.

**Author Contributions:** X.L. and H.S.H. designed the simulated scenarios, analyzed the data and wrote this manuscript; J.S.F. helped with the harvest module runs; Y.L. greatly improved the experimental design and the manuscript. J.L. supervised the analysis and figure design.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31600373 and 41371199) and the K.C. Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University.

**Acknowledgments:** We'd like to thank the workgroup from the three Forestry Bureaus for providing details on current forest managemen<sup>t</sup> and field investigations.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
