**5. Conclusions**

The BOLEH method could elucidate spatiotemporal changes both in carbon stock and biodiversity (tree community composition or forest intactness) during 5 years for nearly 100,000 ha of logged-over tropical rain forests, which reflected past logging intensities and current managemen<sup>t</sup> regimes. Field sampling can be completed within a few months by a team of four or five workers with minimal support from experts. In our pilot test, expertise of tree identification was provided by the local Forest Research Centre. When such expertise is not locally available, tree identification must rely on external botanical experts. However, the BOLEH method uses genus instead of species abundance, which can reduce the burden of tree identification. The BOLEH method is useful as a standard method to verify the maintenance/enhancement of carbon stock and biodiversity conservation to meet the requirements of the FSC ecosystem-services procedure.

The whole of the above procedures from field sampling to statistical analyses to extrapolation are compiled as a protocol manual and can be downloaded at the following website:

• http://www.rfecol.kais.kyoto-u.ac.jp/files/Boleh%20manual%202017.1.zip

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/11/4224/s1, Figure S1: Effects of distance on the difference in the nMDS axis-1 scores of given paired vegetation plots, Figure S2: Results of the nMDS analysis, Figure S3: Correlation of nMDS axis-1 values with logarithmic above-ground biomass.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, K.K., F.K. and S.M.; Data curation, S.F., R.A., N.I., J.S., J.T., R.N., P.L. and R.O.; Formal analysis, S.F., R.A. and N.I.; Funding acquisition, K.K.; Investigation, K.K., S.F., R.A., N.I., J.S., J.T., R.N., P.L. and R.O.; Methodology, K.K., S.F., R.A. and N.I.; Project administration, K.K. and Y.S.; Resources, J.S., J.T., R.N., P.L., R.O., F.K. and S.M.; Supervision, K.K., F.K. and S.M.; Validation, S.F. and R.A.; Visualization, S.F. and Y.S.; Writing–original draft, K.K., S.F. and Y.S.; Writing–review & editing, R.A., N.I., J.S., J.T., R.N., P.L., R.O., F.K. and S.M.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Global Environmental Research Fund D-1006 and 1-1403 of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan to K.K., and by the United Nations University GGS Project Fund to K.K.

**Acknowledgments:** This is a contribution to the FSC ecosystem services procedure.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
