3.1.2. Recombinant Strategy

The recombinant strategy aims to provide the fermenting organisms with the hydrolytic capacity. The hydrolytic organisms to provide them with the fermentation capacity. Therefore, before designing microorganisms for biomass conversion, it is crucial to select host organisms with the desired characteristics, emphasizing strains that can use low-cost substrates, resistance to environmental stress, and a high yield of the desired product [61,62].

The main challenges in the recombinant strategy include the adverse effects of the co-expression of multiple unwanted genes, the modulation of the expression of different genes at the appropriate levels, and the improper folding of proteins, which can prevent their secretion, in addition to inadequate fermentation pathway [61,63].

Recent advances in the development of modified microorganisms through evolutionary, metabolic and genetic engineering approaches have paved the way for using lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate for biofuel production [63].
