2.2.5. Biorefineries

Plant-based raw materials (i.e., biomass) are progressively recognized as a possible future resource to supersede large fractions of fossil resources as feedstocks. Therefore, to meet both the energy and non-energy demands for industrial purposes (i.e., chemicals and materials) sectors, fossil fuel exploitation at an outside scale occurs [32]. Bioenergy, biofuels, and biochemicals are the three primary national, regional, and global biorefineries. Building policies to focus on one driver can have destructive effects on others like local coal reserve exploitation, which increased greenhouse gases, resulting in global warming. There are other alternative renewable resources (wind, sun, water, biomass, etc.). However, biomass alone is often a feasible substitute for fossil resources to transport fuels and chemicals, because it is rich in carbon materials present on earth and in fossil fuels [32]. The perception of biorefinery influences a vast scope of technologies competent of separating biomass

resources. i.e., wood, grass, corn, etc. into their constituents, i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, triglycerides, etc., resulting in being reconstructed into superior products, which are biofuels and chemicals [32]. Current industrial science trying to approach compounds from a single agriculture residue is among the new investigation exercises worldwide. Biorefineries are eco-friendly and very similar to oil refineries [33]. The objective of oil refineries is to procure comprehensive products from petroleum through a diverse system. The same theory is practiced on biorefineries. The first basic concepts of biorefinery were administered in 1990. Before 1997, images of continuity, environmental awareness, and biorefinery merged with the notion of green technologies [34].
