3.2.2. Long Term Economics of Consolidated Bioprocessing

The increasing demand for oil and cleaner energy research has led to an escalation in biofuels production (mainly bioethanol). The worldwide production from 2008 to 2017 presents an annual growth of 5.07% of bioethanol. The ethanol consumption is projected to reach 164 billion liters by 2030, 1.98 times the consumption of 2018. Increased demand for bioethanol is motivated by increased concern about climate change, the annual increase of 3.8% ± 0.5 in the global car fleet, and the fact that ethanol's production and consumption blended with gasoline has been promoted through subsidies, mandates, and financing for research in 65 countries [44,66].

Even though the large-scale techno-economic analysis of consolidated bioprocessing [67] has hardly been reported in the literature, the strategy is presented as a promising technology for biofuels. Different chemical compounds with high value-added compounds, from different types of residual biomass under the circular economy's perspective, are the resource of other biochemical processes. Hence, more beneficial impact is generated long-term. Although it is still a challenge, it is a way to take advantage of waste and convert it into a source to build capital rather than waste it [68]. Any technology that involves the transformation of biomass is aligned with a sustainable model.
