**5. Conclusions**

The expanding trend of urbanization, especially in developing countries [110,111] will likely lead to an increasing number of carnivores interacting in cities, due to the high availability of prey, garbage and organic remains, especially in countries with poor waste management practices. We also consider that, as the number of studies increases, more synanthropic species of medium and small size will be reported among the lists of carnivores exploiting cities, especially for those cities and countries for which we do not yet have scientific studies on urban predators and scavengers. Beyond birds and mammals, a priori, there are few options from other animal groups scavenging in cities, with the exception of some large reptiles. As such, the occurrence of different large monitor lizards (mainly *Varanus salvator* and *Varanus benghalensis*) in Asian cities may be an interesting topic to study in the coming years, attending to the role that they play as scavengers, and the potential conflict generated due to their presence. In general, we urge researchers to continue studying urban carnivores' diet, expanding their research to more species and regions with less scientific information. In addition, from the point of view of urban ecology, a greater knowledge of predators and scavengers would help to improve our understanding of the relationship between carnivores and their environment, in the case of human-dominated areas such as cities. Thus, future studies on predators and scavengers

in cities should not only focus on the type of food urban carnivores consume but also on the location and distribution of meat resources within urban areas, their availability and predictability, and how these features influence the ecology of these species. Finally, a more complete comprehension of the presence of carnivores in urban areas may help to better inform citizens and mitigate conflicts with residents, improving the perception and acceptance of carnivores in urbanized areas, and, by extension, fostering an improved attitude toward nature in a broader sense.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2 818/13/2/46/s1, Table S1: Articles recorded during the urban predation search, Table S2: Articles recorded during the urban scavenging search, Table S3: Articles recorded in the urban predation review, Table S4: Articles recorded in the urban scavenging.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A.; methodology, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A.; formal analysis E.A.; investigation, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A.; data curation, Á.L. and E.A.; writing original draft preparation, Á.L.; writing—review and editing, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A.; visualization, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A.; supervision, Á.L., P.R.-V. and E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The research was funded by RTI2018-099609-B-C21 (Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and EU/ERDF).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available in supplementary material.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank Ana Benítez (Doñana Biological Station) for her help and useful suggestions. The four anonymous reviewer made very valuable comments that greatly improved the manuscript, and Corrine O'Sullivan and Wouter Marc Gerard Vansteelant revised the English.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

#### **References**

