*3.1. Direct Interactions Derived from GPS-Data and Field Visits*

The only direct interaction (i.e., recorded GPS locations of both wolf and bear meeting simultaneously at the same place) that we could confirm occurred in 2012 at a yearling moose carcass killed by wolves in late March. The male wolf of the pair approached the carcass (25 days later) and stayed nearby for a day, but did not access it, likely due to the presence of a 9-year old male bear that was feeding at the carcass. There was likely another direct interaction in late June 2014, but the incomplete success of wolf GPS locations that day prevented confirmation. In the latter case, both bear and wolf locations overlapped on the remains of a neonate moose, which had presumably been killed by the bear, based on sign (a bear daybed and hair) found at the spot. Therefore, direct interactions with bears and wolves meeting simultaneously at the same place seem to be very rare in our study area.
