*3.2. Temporal Patterns in Bear and Wolf Kill Rates*

In total, we found 85 moose neonate calves killed by 14 different bears during a total of 19 different bear-years (for 1 bear, we did not find any killed moose) (Tables 1 and A1), and 95 moose killed by wolves, including 35 neonate calves, 48 juvenile moose (<12 months old), 10 ≥ 1-year old, and 2 moose

for which it could not be determined if they were yearlings or older individuals, in 7 different wolf territory-years, some of them with two predation studies (spring and summer) per year (Table 2). During the annual study periods between late February and early July, wolf pack kill rate averaged ~0.21 moose killed per day, yet it showed much variation and peaked at 0.65 moose killed per day in late May (Figure 1). Bears, with a shorter predation season, started to kill neonate moose calves around mid-May and stopped around the end of June, i.e., bear predation was limited to the moose calving season. Bear kill rates also peaked in late May, reaching a maximum of 0.4 moose killed per day and an average of 0.08 moose killed per day during the predatory period (Figure 1).

**Figure 1.** Average brown bear (red dots) and gray wolf (black dots) kill rates and 95% confidence intervals (gray and red shades) in 2014–2015 in central Sweden, calculated with a 7-day moving window (top panel). Daily average bear visits to wolf-killed moose carcasses and 95% confidence intervals in 2014–2015 in central Sweden, calculated with a 7-day moving window (bottom panel). In both panels, the *x*-axis displays the date.

On average, a bear killed 4.25 moose calves per season (sd = 3), but there was large individual variation. Whereas some bears killed up to 10 calves during an early-summer period, one did not kill any (Table 1). On average, an adult female bear killed 5.5 calves (sd = 3.46, *n* = 8), a subadult female killed 1.25 calves (sd = 1.9, *n* = 4), an adult male killed 4.71 calves (sd = 2.81, *n* = 7), and one subadult male killed three calves during the early-summer period overlapping the moose calving season. Adult bears killed significantly more moose calves than subadults (Mann-Whitney U = 63.5, *p* = 0.02), with no significant differences in kills rates between male and female bears (Mann-Whitney U = 43.5, *p* = 0.75) or when combining sex and age classes (Kruskal–Wallis chi-squared = 5.74, *p* = 0.12; Figure 2). The bear predatory period in early summer, i.e., the time span between the first and last kill of neonate calves by bears in a given year, showed much individual variation; e.g., the average predatory period for bears that killed at least two calves in a season was 25 days (sd = 11, range 6–41; Table 1).

**Figure 2.** Adult brown bears killed significantly more moose calves in central Sweden than subadult bears, but there were no significant differences in kill rates between male and female bears or when combining sex and age classes, during the early summer period overlapping the moose calving season.

Bear predation focused exclusively on moose neonate calves, and wolves also preyed mostly upon neonate moose in the early-summer period. From mid-May onwards, 81% of the wolf kills were neonate calves and 16% were juvenile (~12 month old) moose, whereas earlier in the year, from late February until the moose calving period started in May, 81% of the wolf kills were juvenile moose <12 months and the rest, older individuals. Therefore, the moose calving period was the time when bears and wolves shared the same resource, with both species relying on neonate moose calves as main prey.

#### *3.3. Scavenging Events*

We placed cameras at 62 different kill sites in 2014–2015 (40 at wolf-killed carcasses, most of them yearling and adult moose, and 22 at bear-killed carcasses of neonate moose). Bears were seen on 58% of all cameras, which resulted in 3572 pictures and 122 different events. Wolves were detected on 27% of all cameras, which resulted in 366 pictures of wolves in 31 different events. Bear pictures (of both collared and uncollared bears) were taken at 50% (in 2014) and 60% (in 2015) of the wolf kills, but no wolf picture was taken at bear kills. Occurrence of bears at a carcass varied over time, with a lower average number of bear visits from mid-May to early June, the period when bear kill rates were highest (Figure 1). Adult and subadult bears visited wolf kills, as confirmed by photos of our collared bears, but we did not record any visit of a female bear with cubs of the year at wolf kills, and only two wolf kills were visited by uncollared bear females with 2-year-old cubs. Bears were photo-trapped at kill sites throughout the 24 h, with a peak in the number of bear pictures taken during the evening, whereas wolves were most often photographed at kills during late evening and, especially, at nighttime (Figure A1).
