*2.2. Methodology*

The methodology in this study is divided into five steps (Figure 4) including (1) a suit of data Landsat 5, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI multi-temporal include preprocessing, (2) image classification using support vector machine (3) measurements accuracy, (4) Mangrove change using the Markov Chain and Cellular Automata model, and (5) validation. The description of each step of the research is as follows:

**Figure 4.** Methodology.

#### *2.3. Data and Preprocessing*

Landsat 5, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI images acquired for 1989, 1998, 2002, and 2015 of 30 × 30 m<sup>2</sup> spatial resolution derived from USGS. Landsat 2015 was used both to predict land cover in 2028. We also used the administrative boundary data of 1:50,000. The images were registered to the geographic coordinate projection using World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84). And auxiliary data of administrative boundaries data was obtained from Geospatial Information Agency (BIG). The data collected can be seen in Figure 5. The information of collected data can be seen in Table 1.



**Figure 5.** Landsat imageries acquired in: (**a**) Landsat 5 (1989), (**b**) Landsat 5 (1998), (**c**) Landsat 7 ETM+ (2002), and (**d**) Landsat 8 OLI (2015).
