*4.3. Intensity Analysis*

The interval level of the intensity analysis identifies the time interval in which the overall annual rate of change is faster. The total change in both intervals was found to be relatively similar: ~17% of the total area in the first period and ~15% in the second. However, the intensity of the annual area of change in the first interval is faster than in the second (1.42% and 1.16%, respectively; Figure 5). The output of Equation (2) is 1.28%, depicted as a dashed line in Figure 5. Compared to this value, the rate in the first period is considered 'fast', while in the second 'slow'.

**Figure 5.** Intensity of the annual area of change within the two time intervals of the study. The dashed line is the uniform line (i.e., the output of Equation (2)).

Figure 6 is the graphical representation of the 'category level' of the intensity analysis. Figure 6a,c depict the size of the annual gain of loss of each land cover class in the first and the second period, respectively. Figure 6b,d show the intensity for a class' annual gain or loss, as calculated by Equations (3) and (4). The two dashed lines show the output of Equation (1) for each period, i.e., the uniform line for each period at this category intensity level [52]. When an intensity bar remains to the left of the uniform (dashed) line, then the change is relatively dormant for that land cover class and period. On the contrary, if the bar extends to the right of the dashed line, then the change is relatively active for that class and period. If, for a given land cover class, the intensity of the gains or losses remain active or dormant during all study periods, then the specific type is considered stationary.

**Figure 6.** Category intensity analysis for the two periods. (**<sup>a</sup>**,**<sup>c</sup>**): gross annual area of gains and losses. (**b**,**d**): intensity of annual gains and losses within each land cover category. "# of elements" is the number of pixels. The dashed lines in (**b**,**d**) signify the uniform intensity value. Wa: Water; U: Urban; Wo: Woodland; B: Bareland; A: Agricultural: G: Grassland; DM: Degraded Mangrove; M: Mangrove.

At the transition level, the intensity analysis identifies which transitions are more intensive in a given time interval. Given the scope of the present paper and the need to keep the presentation of the results as succinct as possible, Table 4 summarises the results only for the transition from mangrove to any other class for the two periods. The outcome for all the other transitions is provided in Tables S7 and S8 of the Supplementary Material.

**Table 4.** Transition level intensity analysis FROM-Mangrove TO-all other classes (1988–2000 and 2000–2013). In bold and underlined: targeted classes (compared to uniform). Deg.: Degraded.


#### *4.4. Landscape Pattern Analysis*

Figure 7 depicts the evolution of the selected landscape metrics through time for the healthy and the degraded mangroves classes.

**Figure 7.** Landscape metrics for the mangrove and degraded mangrove classes. (**a**) Percentage of Landscape (%; PLAND); (**b**) Number of patches (NP); (**c**) Largest Patch Index (%; LPI); (**d**) Area weighted mean Euclidean nearest neighbour distance (m; ENN\_AM); (**e**) Patch area median (ha; AREA\_MD); (**f**) Area weighted Mean Patch Shape Index (SHAPE\_AM); (**g**) Percentage of like adjacencies (%; PLADJ); (**h**) Euclidean nearest neighbour distance Standard Deviation (ENN\_SD).
