**5. Conclusions**

In this study, we calculated mangrove forest changes areas in Sembilang National Park, Banyuasin, Indonesia from 1989, 1998, 2002, 2015, and predicted mangrove forest areas in 2028 using the support vector machine algorithm and the Markov-Cellular Automata model. Based on the historical land cover from 1989 to 2015, the study has attempted to detect, simulate and predict the future expansion trends up to 2028, with a specific empirical focus on changes in the mangrove forest area. The results showed that the mangrove forest area from 1989 to 1998 has decreased around 9.6%. The worst forest fires caused the decrease of mangrove forests in Indonesia in 1997. However, the Indonesian governmen<sup>t</sup> keeps trying to rehabilitate mangrove forests in Sembilang National Park as the largest mangrove forest. It was proven that the mangrove area has increased by 8.4% between 1998 and 2002, and 2.3% in 2002–2015. Other results showed that the mangroves area has continued to increase from 2015 to 2028 by 27.4% to 31% (7974.8 ha). The increase of the mangrove forest area indicated that the governmen<sup>t</sup> had succeeded in mangrove rehabilitation management.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.D., D.K.S. and K.W.; Data curation, M.K.S.; Formal analysis, S.D. and R.H.; Methodology, S.D., D.K.S., K.W. and R.H.; Validation, M.K.S.; Visualization, A.T. and M.K.S.; Writing—original draft, S.D. and A.T.; Writing—review & editing, R.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency for Research and Innovation (Kemenristek/BRIN), Number: 378/B.05/LPPM-Itenas/IV/2020.

**Acknowledgments:** In addition, the researcher would like to acknowledge the funding support from Ministry of Research and Technology/National Agency for Research and Innovation (Kemenristek/BRIN) and LPPM Itenas Bandung.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
