**10. Conclusions**

The energy-balancing network comprises a flexible set of possibilities that enable partitioning through pathways with different ATP and NADPH production stoichiometries that require different amounts of light energy. We hypothesize that the network partitions flux through high-efficiency pathways (e.g., the Malate valve) when light is limiting and high-efficiency pathways (e.g., CEF) when light is abundant. Furthermore, the energy balancing network may adapt to long-term energy demand through enzyme expression.

**Author Contributions:** This article was prepared with the following contributions: Conception, B.J.W. and D.M.K.; Formal Analysis, B.J.W.; Writing – original draft, B.J.W., D.M.K., N.F., and X.F.; writing—review and editing, B.J.W., D.M.K., N.F., and X.F.; Funding acquisition, B.J.W. and D.M.K. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the United States Department of Energy [Grant DE-FG02-91ER20021].

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank Yair Shachar-Hill for discussions on flux balance analysis work examining the malate valve and cyclic electron flux.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
