*4.1. Experimental Setup*

The experimental setup consists of a battery test system (Maccor 4200), connected to a testing station and a computer. The full setup is shown in Figure 3. All experiments were carried out at a

room temperature of 23 ◦C. The computer has a software program that controls the battery test system to charge and discharge the cell. The current is assumed to be positive when discharging, and negative when charging. The data was collected at a frequency of 1 Hz, and then stored in the computer. Two test profiles were used: a set of multiple UDDS driving cycles, and a degradation cycle. The UDDS cycle is a velocity profile, and was translated and scaled into a current profile. It was run from the cell SOC of 95% to 20%. The degradation cycle involves charging and discharging multiple times between the extreme limits of the cell to degrade it quickly. Profiles of these cycles are shown in Figure 4. Characterization of the cell was also done through performing the OCV–SOC and capacity tests [24]. The sequence of tests began with cell characterization, then the testing cycle (UDDS and degradation), and all were repeated multiple times.

**Figure 3.** Experimental setup.

**Figure 4.** *Cont*.

**Figure 4.** Tested current profiles: (**a**) 1 UDDS cycle; (**b**) 1 degradation cycle.
