1.2.2. Computational Intelligence-Based Battery Models

The second category of models are the computational intelligence-based models. These models describe the non-linear relationships between SOC, battery terminal voltage, input current, and battery internal temperature, and specifically use artificial neural network (ANN)-based models and support vector regression models, and mixed models. Also, mixed models have been used to estimate the battery non-linear behaviors. An interesting "recurrent neural network (RNN) has been used to build an SOC observer estimator and battery terminal voltage estimator", as is mentioned in [29].
